vocab_TOEFLibt

Level 1

Listening – Beginning

Building - Reading

Building - Speaking

Building - Writing

Level 2

Developing - Listening

Reading - Developing

Developing - Speaking

Developing - Writing

Level 3

Mastering - Listening

Mastering Skills for the TOEFL iBT - Reading

Mastering - Speaking

Mastering - Writing

Chapter 1

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

skip (v)            to avoid; to not do

binge (v)          to eat or drink in an uncontrolled, excessive manner

ruin (v) to destroy; to damage

grain (n)           a food that comes from grass, like wheat, rice, and corn

regular (adj)     following a set schedule; at the same time every day

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

uncertain (adj)  not sure; not definite

symphony (n)   a long piece of music performed by an orchestra

recognize (v)    to be familiar with; to know

deaf (adj)         unable to hear

conduct (v)      to lead and control an orchestra

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

bush (n)           a low, tree-like plant

base (n)           the bottom part

heartbeat (n)    the rate at which the heart pumps blood

store (v)           to keep for future use

weak (adj)       not strong; low on energy

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

what’s up (phrase)       What is happening?; What are you doing?

Break (n)         a short time of no work or study

surf (v) to search or use the Internet

multiply (v)       to increase; to perform a mathematic function, e.g. 2 X 3 = 6

calculator (n)    a machine that performs

mathematic functions

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

event (n)          a competition; a gathering for a purpose

persistence (n)  not giving up until a goal is completed

antelope (n)      a horned, deer-like animal

herd (n)            a group of animals, like cows or deer

slaughter (v)     to kill and cut off the meat

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

specific (adj)    exact in detail or purpose

clearly (adv)     with exactness; easily understood

positive (adj)    showing a happy or optimistic outlook

regret (v)          to feel bad about something in the past

inform (v)         to tell; to give information to

Skill A-7

Wordlist           Meaning

lottery (n)         a selection made by chance from among a number of contestants

limited (adj)      not great in number or quantity

freshman (n)     a first-year student

campus (n)       the grounds of a school or university

privilege (n)      a special ability or access

Skill A-8

Wordlist           Meaning

technique (n)    a way of doing something; a method

index (n)          something that guides or organizes

definition (n)     the written meaning

native (adj)       of one’s birthplace

divide (v)         to make into two parts

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

continent (n)     a large land mass

reason (n)        a cause

permanently (adj)         constantly; always

occupant (n)     a person who lives in a place

located (adj)    positioned

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

on your way (phrase)   going to

recreation (n)   fun activities

member (n)      someone who belongs to a group

tuition (n)         money paid to attend school

cool (adj)         good

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

classic (n)         a well-known example

ado (n) an old-fashioned word for a controversy; an action and discussion; a fuss

ruin (v) to destroy; to damage greatly

fortune (n)        luck

modern (adj)    recent

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

wonder (v)       to question in one’s mind; to think about

atmosphere (n) the layer of air above the Earth

sunrise (n)        when the sun moves into the sky in the morning

sunset (n)         when the sun moves out of the sky in the evening

path (n)            a way to go; a road

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

What on Earth!            an expression of surprise

(phrase)

Hermit crab (n)            a kind of crab that carries and lives in empty shells made by snails or other sea creatures

squished (adj)  put into too-small a space

feed (v)            to give food to

captivity (n)      being kept in a cage or zoo; not free

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

productive (adj)           useful; helpful

rush (v)            to go fast

beat the clock  to go faster than previous times

(phrase)

pointless (adj)  without purpose; not helpful

measure (v)      to read the level or quantity

Skill B-7

Wordlist           Meaning

vitamin (n)        a substance needed for normal growth and energy

sunshine (n)      light from the sun

enough (adj)     the amount needed

naturally (adv)  without help from science

notice (v)         to pay attention to

Skill B-8

Wordlist           Meaning

check this out   to look at this

(phrase)

really (adv)       very

article (n)         a written news story

strange (adj)     unusual; weird

cushion (n)       a pillow for sitting on

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

course (n)        a series of classes for studying a subject

culture (n)        what makes a group of people distinct, including language, food and art

certainly (adv)  yes; of course

determine (v)    to decide on; to calculate

account for (v) to make up; to go towards

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

effective (adj)   successful

increase (v)      to make larger or greater

variety (n)        many different kinds

look up (v)       to search for to try to find

previous (adj)   just before

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

especially (adj) with emphasis

closely (adv)    with care; with attention

copy (v)           to make the same; to do the same way

notice (v)         to see and understand

nowadays (adv)           these days; in current times

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

pueblo (n)        a building or town of buildings made from adobe (dried mud); and the people who traditionally dwell in them

weave (v)         to create cloth by interlacing (putting

together) fibers or yarn

basket (n)        a container made from woven fibers

fiber (n)            a long, thin piece of some material, such as grass

method (n)       a way of doing something; a procedure

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

disappear (v)    to go away; to die off

lay (v)  to put down; to deposit eggs

here goes (phrase)       an expression used to signify, “I’m trying something, but I don’t know what the result will be.”

protection (n)   keeping safe

hotline (n)         a phone number for particular information or a specific purpose

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

science fair (n)  a competition of science projects

white noise (n)  noise made up of all frequencies of sound

annoy (v)         to bother; to make angry

lessen (v)         to make lower; to decrease

shut out (v)       to keep away

Skill C-7

Wordlist           Meaning

treat (v)            to make better, healthier

develop (v)      to invent; to create

insert (v)          to put in

system (n)        a group of organs or machines working for a common purpose

current (n)        a flow; a movement in one direction

Skill C-8

Wordlist           Meaning

geometry (n)    a field of math related to points, lines, shapes, etc.

point (n)           a single place; a dot

continuous (adj)           without a break or ending place

space (n)          a distance; an empty place

segment (n)      a part; a piece

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

prepare (v)       to get ready

familiar with      used to; knowledgeable about

(adj phrase)

beneficial (adj) helpful; positive

anxious (adj)    nervous; worried

decide (v)        to choose

memorize (v)    to put information into one’s memory; to repeat material until it is remembered

thorough (adj)  complete; full

session (n)        a period of time devoted to a certain activity or purpose

direction (n)     instruction; how to complete a task

plenty of (adj phrase)   a lot of; lots of

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

form (n)           a type; a kind

matter (n)         something that takes up space and can be sensed

burn (v)            to consume in fire; to change form by fire

fuel (n) something used to burn

flammable (adj)            able to be burned

place (v)          to put into position

spark (n)          a flash of light or heat

match (n)         a narrow piece of wood or paper with a highly flammable coating on one end, used for starting fires

magnify (v)       to make larger or more intense

powder (n)       a substance made of finely ground particles

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

catalog (n)        a book or pamphlet containing a list of activities or products

transfer (v)       to move from one place to another

lithography (n)  a printing process in which a chemically treated plate is used with ink

transcript (n)    a printed copy of university results

grade (n)          a standard assessment of quality of work (or performance) in a classroom

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

example (n)      a representative model or action used to illustrate a concept or idea

consensus (n)   a general agreement or a collective decision

opinion (n)       a belief on a subject that is usually made without extensive knowledge

already (adv)    previously accomplished; done before

idea (n)            a meaningful thought or concept

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

several (adj)     three or four

public (adj)      among a large group of people; for the population

education (n)    an organized system of teaching and learning

religion (n)        an organized system of spiritual or supernatural belief

lonely (adj)       a sadness resulting from being or feeling alone

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

consider (v)      to think seriously about something

fail (v)  to be unsuccessful

physics (n)       the study of movement in nature

atomic (adj)     relating to atoms or nuclear energy

bomb (n)          an explosive device

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

lungs (n)           the two-part organ used for breathing

oxygen (n)        the gas that animals depend on for breathing

filthy (adj)        extremely dirty

boring (adj)      uninteresting; not entertaining

break (n)          a short time of rest

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

continent (n)     one of the seven main land areas on the Earth

realize (v)         to understand; to comprehend

equator (n)       the imaginary horizontal line separating

Earth’s northern and southern hemispheres

narrow (adj)     of thin degree or width

Antarctica (n)   the continent that contains the South Pole

Skill D-7

Wordlist           Meaning

exhibit (n)         a public presentation (usually artistic in nature)

nature (n)         the natural physical world, unchanged by humans

category (n)     a structured and organized area of a topic

blossom (n)      a flower on a tree

enlarge (v)        to make bigger

Skill D-8

Wordlist           Meaning

democracy (n)  a system of government where the people hold ruling power

government (n) an organized, usually political system that administers public policy

vote (v)            to decide, usually in a political context

empire (n)        a nation and all the territories and other nations it rules over

tax (n)  money paid to a government

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

telescope (n)    an optical device used to make distant objects appear closer

moon (n)          a natural, smaller object revolving around a planet

planet (n)         a large sphere that rotates around a star

river (n)            a large, long body of water that flows

ocean (n)         a large body of salt water that takes up the Earth’s surface

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

rules (n)           a set of instructions about the right way to act

warning (n)       a signal that something bad or dangerous may happen

break (v)          to not follow; to not obey

force (v)           to make someone do something they do not want to do

basic (adj)        main or most necessary

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

full (adj)           no more things or people can go in

room (n)          space that is not being used

coach (n)         a part of a train for passengers

conductor (n)   someone who checks passenger tickets on a train

comfortable (adj)         feeling relaxed; not stressed or bothered

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

personality (n)  the character of an individual

accountant (n)  an expert in bookkeeping

interact (v)       to influence and act upon one another

factor (n)          something that has an effect on something else

status (n)          the amount of respect others have for a person

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

mid-term (adj)  an exam taken during the middle part of a semester

elevator (n)      a room that carries people up or down

study (v)          to read in order to learn and understand

squeeze (v)      the act of applying pressure on all sides

strengthen (v)   to gain power or strength

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

spin (v) to turn around and around very quickly

rotate (v)          to move in a circle

completely (adv)          in a way so that everything is finished

darkness (n)     the absence of light

situation (n)      everything that is happening at a particular place at one time

Skill E-7

Wordlist           Meaning

revolution (n)    when a government or political system is (usually) violently changed

paper (n)          a type of essay or assignment

Internet (n)       a network that connects computers all around the world

type (v)            to press lettered keys on a keyboard to form words

website (n)       a special location on the Internet used in a variety of ways

Skill E-8

Wordlist           Meaning

common (adj)  normal or usual

quality (n)         the attribute or nature of something

detail (n)          the specific or small character of an object or process

imagine (v)       to use the mind to create an unreal image or situation

alive (adj)         having the qualities of life; living

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

sailor (n)          a person who works on a boat or ship

trade (n)           buying, selling, or trading goods

colony (n)        a country that is ruled by a stronger country

establish (v)      to securely settle; to officially declare an operation

decline (v)        to lower in quality or quantity

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

campus (n)       the area that belongs to a university, college, or school

mighty (adj)      strong; powerful

sword (n)         a long metal blade used for battle

educator (n)     a person who teaches

glad (adj)         happy; pleased

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

appear (v)        to come into sight; to become visible

strength (n)       power

criminal (n)       an individual who commits crimes

butler (n)          the male servant or assistant of a household

costume (n)      a special clothing used for acting or special occasions

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

crude (adj)       in a raw form

leak (v)            to continuously lose liquid or air from a container

evaporation (n) the gradual action of a liquid changing into a gas

emulsification (n)          when two liquids are put together, but do not mix completely, i.e., oil in water

mousse (n)       a chilled dessert made with whipped cream and gelatin

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

ache (v)           to feel pain

thermometer (n)           an instrument that measures temperature

temperature (n)            the system to measure cold and heat

malaria (n)        a disease transferred by an infected mosquito

symptom (n)     a sign that shows a person may have a disease or illness

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

light (n) illumination received as varying levels of brightness to the eye

judge (v)          to decide on a winner

distance (n)      the space between two points

lightning (n)      large and bright natural electrical charges that occur during storms

thunder (n)       the sound made by lightning

Skill F-7

Wordlist           Meaning

vacation (n)      a holiday that involves traveling to an area of interest

state (n)           a region inside a country with its own administration

license plate (n)            a sign on a vehicle that shows the vehicle’s identity number

awesome (adj) inspiring extreme wonderment and awe

cavern (n)        a large cave

Skill F-8

Wordlist           Meaning

inventor (n)      a person who makes something new

detailed (adj)    containing a lot of specific information; rendered with specifics

observation (n) an event or detail noticed by someone watching

invention (n)     a creation

parachute (n)    a device consisting of fabric and string designed to reduce the effects of a fall

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

impossible (adj)           not able to be done

repeat (v)         to say again; to do again

word for word using the exact same words in the exact same order

(phrase)

accomplish (v)  to do something difficult or noteworthy

feat (n) an accomplishment; a difficult or noteworthy action

piece (n)          a part for playing a game

seasoned (adj) experienced

chessboard (n) a board on which the game chess is played

apply (v)          to use to or adapt for a certain purpose

possible (adj)   able to be done

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

go overboard   to do too much or too often; to go to an extreme

(phrase)

strategy (n)       a plan; a technique

highlight (v)      to use a colored marker to note or emphasize part of a text

ponder (v)        to think about

compile (v)       to collect and organize

review (v)        to look again; to study again

suggestion (n)   a tip; a piece of advice

pick out (v)      to choose; to select

in sum to summarize; to give a general idea of what something is about

(phrase n)

discouraged (adj)         having lost interest or confidence

Chapter 2

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

customary (adj)            the normal way; a usual habit

response (n)     an answer to a question; a reply

theory (n)         an idea explaining something

superstition (n) a belief in luck or the influence of magic

custom (n)        a normal or common action for a particular culture

elect (v)           to choose by vote

plague (n)         a deadly, serious, widespread disease

get rid of (v)     to remove; to destroy; to make go away

order (v)          to command; to tell to do

immediately (adv)         right away; very soon after

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

secret (n)         a private technique or strategy

abstract (adj)   based on ideas instead of objects

picture (v)        to imagine; to form an image in one’s mind

hard time (n)    difficulty

cent (n)            1/100 of a dollar

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

network (n)      a group of computers sharing information and files

right now (phrase)        at this moment

avenue (n)        a way; a means

asymmetrical (adj)        not symmetrical; uneven or unbalanced

subscriber (n)   someone registered for a particular service

connection (n)  a way of joining two or more things

accommodate (v)         to provide for; to allow

comparison (n) looking at how two things are the same or different

copper (n)        a reddish brown metallic element good for conducting electricity

wire (n)            a long thin piece of metal used to conduct electricity

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

film (n) a movie

festival (n)        a series of cultural or artistic performances or exhibitions

dormitory (n)    a building or room for sleeping

play (v)            to show

kick out (v)      to force out; to send away from

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

hide (v)            to make so one can’t be seen by others

protect (v)        to keep safe

method (n)       a way; a technique

surroundings (n)           what is around something; the environment

forest (n)          an area with a lot of trees

soft (adj)          weak; not bright

pattern (n)        a repeated design or marking

spot (v)            to see; to notice

instance (n)      an example

copy (v)           to act or look like something else

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

wonder (v)       to think about and question

century (n)       100 years

ancient (adj)     from very long ago

foretell (v)        to describe or show an event before it happens

consider (v)      to think of as

omen (n)          a sign of the future, of things to come

modern (adj)    recent

represent (v)    to symbolize; to stand for; to show

suppress (v)     to keep down; to keep hidden

god (n) a being with powers above those of people

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

confused (adj)  mixed up; unable to think or understand clearly

type (n)            a kind; a classification

blood (n)          the fluid pumped by the heart that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste in the body

classify (v)        to place a subject in an appropriate category

Earth (n)          the world; the third planet from the sun, on which we live

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

imagination (n)  a creation of an unreal form or event in one’s mind

attempt (v)       to try; to make an effort to do

slightly (adj)     in a small amount or degree

plot (n) the order of events that form a story

phrase (n)        a sequence of words containing meaning

cumulative (adj)           increasing or enlarging by repetition or addition

humorous (adj) making a person smile or laugh

nonsense (n)     something silly or without meaning

hopelessly (adv)           without hope

enchanted (adj)            under a magical spell; mysteriously

attractive

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

tutor (v)           to give private teaching or instruction

sign up (v)        to apply or register

get in touch (v) to contact; to have communication

feedback (n)    a response that gives an opinion or criticism

survey (n)         a question or a group of questions given to a group or population

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

web (n)            a net made by a spider to catch insects

among (prep)   within or throughout a group

thread (n)         a thin, sometimes flexible string

spin (v) to create thread

strand (n)         a single thin piece of thread or similar material

covering (n)      something that is used to cover over an object, usually for protection

coat (v)            to cover, usually with some kind of liquid (paint, glue, wax, etc.)

sticky (adj)       acting as an adhesive; causing attachment

stuck (adj)       being unable to move

trapdoor (n)     a secret door used for escape

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

balloon (n)       a flexible bag filled with a gas

float (v)            to stay on top of a liquid; to stay up in the air

pour (v)           to dump or allow to flow out or downward

cap (n) a covering that is used to seal in the contents of an object

rise (v) to move from a lower to a higher position

bottom (n)        the lowest possible location

weigh (v)          to measure the weight

displace (v)      to move out of a former position

helium (n)         a gas used to fill balloons

buoyancy (n)    the ability to float in air or on water

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

naturally (adv)  in a natural way; in a way without human influence

artificially (adv) in an artificial or man-made way

plenty (adj)      large in amount or degree

consume (v)     to eat; to use up

interfere (v)      to interrupt an action

nerve (n)          a part of the body that sends signals to the brain

tube (n)            a long and hollow cylinder used for transport

vessel (n)         a narrow tube used for circulating bodily fluids

surface (n)        the top side of an object; the highest outside layer

conquer (v)      to defeat or overcome

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

microscope (n) a tool for making very small objects look large

device (n)         a tool; an instrument

cell (n)  the smallest structural unit of tissue in living things

pretty (adj)       very; quite

specimen (n)    an example for study

section (n         a part; a unit of a whole

stain (v)            to change the color of

limit (v) to keep small; to prevent from developing

enable (v)         to allow; to make possible; to give the ability

shade (n)          a dark area in which light has been blocked

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

billion (n)          1 000 000 000

reason (n)        an explanation

lay (v)  to place down

stretch (v)        to go; to reach across

donate (v)        to give away so as to help

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

address (n)       a speech for a certain audience or event

last (v)  to continue to occur

cemetery (n)     a place where dead bodies are buried

salute (v)          to put one’s hand to one’s forehead as a sign of respect

governor (n)     a politician in charge of a state in the US

valley (n)          a low area between two hills or mountains

freedom (n)      the right to choose one’s way in life

needlessly (adv)           for no good reason

cheer (v)          to show appreciation by clapping, yelling, or whistling

plan (v)            to think about; to make a strategy for

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

surprise (v)       to give unexpected knowledge or feelings

tone up (v)       to make tighter

strengthen (v)   to make stronger

disease (n)       a sickness; an illness

equipment (n)   tools or machines to help do an activity

country (n)       a rural area; a place not in the city

stretch (n)        an exercise that make muscles longer and

more relaxed

straight (adj)     not bent or curved

deep (adj)        long and full

pace (n)           a rate; a speed

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

sorority (n)       a club for women in college

escort (n)         a person who goes with another person for protection

give a ride        to drive someone from

(phrase)

pick up (v)       to meet in order to give a ride

run (v)  to operate; to offer service

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

big day (n)       a day of an important event

nervous (adj)    worried; anxious

natural (adj)     normal; healthy

panic (n)          to feel sudden, very strong fear

confident (adj)  believing in oneself; not nervous or worried

admission (n)    an ability or permission to enter somewhere

portion (n)        a section; a part

calculator (n)    an electronic tool that performs math

functions

alarm (n)          a bell or noise to signal time

portable (adj)   able to be moved and carried easily

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

hall (n)  a large room for gatherings of people

imagine (v)       to believe; to not be surprised

unique (adj)      special; like no other

depend on (v)  to change according to

carry over (v)   to continue

treat (v)            to pay for someone else

declining (adj)  going down; becoming less

balance (n)       an amount of money or points remaining

withdraw (v)    to take out

account (n)       a place or system where money

or points are kept

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

several (adj)     many

consider (v)      to think about

permanently (adv)        continuously; for ever

frozen (adj)      solid because of cold

classify (v)        to group; to organize

location (n)       a place

equator (n)       an imaginary line going around the Earth, dividing it into northern and southern halves

spill (v) to cause to fall from a container

form (v)           to create; to make

measurable (adj)          countable; noticeable

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

mistake (n)       an incorrect act

catch it (v)        to notice it

misspell (v)       to spell incorrectly

alike (adj)        the same

direct (v)          to control; to manage

duty (n)            a responsibility on a job

marital (adj)     about marriage

status (n)          condition

plenty (adj)      a lot of

font (n) a style of printed letters

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

trillion (n)         1 000 000 000 000

earn (v)            to make money

childbirth (n)     the process of a baby first leaving its mother’s body

task (n)            a job; a piece of work

bridge (n)         a connection

income (n)        money earned

interest (n)        money charged for a loan

loan (n)            money given with the promise it will be paid back with interest

credit (n)          the ability to buy goods with the promise to pay in the future

headquarters (n)           a main office

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

head (v)           to go towards

aerobics (n)      exercises that strengthen the lungs and heart

treadmill (n)      an exercise machine for running

coordination (n)           the ability to move your body the way your mind wants

discipline (n)     the ability to continue a difficult or boring task

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

mechanical (adj)           by physical forces

process (n)       a series of events to achieve a result; a sequence

freeze (v)         to change from a liquid to a solid

thaw (v)           to change from a solid to a liquid

altitude (n)        the elevation; the height above sea-level

decomposition (n)        the break down, or destruction, of matter through chemical reactions

oxidation (n)     a chemical reaction involving the addition of oxygen molecules

carbonation (n) a chemical reaction involving the addition of carbon molecules

hydration (n)    a chemical reaction involving the addition of hydrogen molecules

condition (n)     a situation; an environment

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

review (v)        to do something again to remember it better

session (n)        one of a series of events, usually lasting a short time

discussion (n)   a talk between two or more people on a specific topic

extra (adj)        more than needed; more than usual

economics (n)  a class studying money and finances

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

escape (v)        to avoid something; to get away from something

tired of (adj)     bored with; bothered by

instead of (adv)            in place of

product (n)       something produced to be sold

placement (n)   a display; putting something in a certain location

disguise (n)       something designed to hide the true nature of another thing

publicity (n)      attention from people

limited to (adj)  only (in)

technique (n)    a way of doing something

realism (n)        the sense or feeling of being true, or real

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

oral (adj)          spoken

generation (n)   a group of people born and living about the same time

rhyme (n)         words that have the same ending sounds

American Indian (n)     a native person of North America, who Europeans mistook for Indians

notion (n)         an idea; a plan

laden (adj)       filled with; burdened by

bound (adj)      going towards

verse (n)          a grouping of lines in a poem or song

typical (adj)      normal; characteristic of

repeat (v)         to state again

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

pattern (n)        a repeated event or occurrence

imaginary (adj) not real; existing only in one’s mind

hemisphere (n) a half of a ball-shaped object (like the Earth)

back and forth (adv)    to some place and then back again

depend on (v)  to need; to rely on

latitude (n)        a measurement of north-south position on Earth

stalled (adj)      unable to move; stopped

mean (v)          to intend

steady (adj)      constant; continuous

propel (v)         to push forward

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

permit (n)         an official paper that allows the holder to do

something

valid (adj)        correct; usable; in effect

serial number    a unique number on a piece of equipment that can identify that equipment

(n)

identification (n)           a document that proves the identity of a person

fine (n) money paid as punishment for doing something wrong

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

fancy (adj)       heavily decorated; not simple

clay (n) a soft, sticky mud used for making things

mold (n)           a shape made out of hard material that can be used to make other shapes of the same size

glaze (v)           to apply a thin layer of clay that becomes glass when heated at a high temperature

ingredient (n)    a smaller part that mixes with others to create a whole

tube (n)            a long, hollow cylinder

plaster (n)        a mixture of sand, water, and other ingredients that becomes very hard when dry

shell (n)            a hard layer around an object for protection

incredibly (adj) very; extremely

support (v)       to hold up; to hold the weight of

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

check out (v)    to borrow; to take out from the library

ID (n)   identification; a card that proves the identity of someone

form (n)           a paper asking for standard information to be written

fill out (v)         to write the needed information on a form

bother (v)         to make the effort to do something

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

mineral (n)        a chemical substance made from natural physical (but not living) processes

nerve (n)          a fiber that transmits sensations and movement information to the brain

muscle (n)        a long cell that contracts to produce movement in the body

curve (v)          to shape like part of a circle; to not be straight

ultraviolet (adj) of a wavelength that is invisible to the human eye and that is shorter than the wavelength seen as the color violet

ray (n)  a beam of light

transform (v)    to change

calm (adj)        peaceful; relaxed; not stressed

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

related to (adj) about; concerned with

chip (n)            a very small piece of arranged electronics used in computer technology

logic (n)           a simple language based on rational thinking and used by computers for calculation

map (v)            to organize

bits (n) the combinations of the numbers zero and one, which form the smallest units of computer data

bytes (n)          a combination of usually 8 bits, which forms a single character

pathway (n)      a way of traveling; a road

input (n)           information going in

output (n)         information going out

combination (n)            two or more things mixed together

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

bladder (n)       a sack-like organ in animals, which holds liquid or gas

squeeze (v)      to push together the walls of a container to expel the contents

sink (v) to go down; to not float

vertically (adv) going up and down

propeller (n)     a machine with spinning metal blades that makes an airplane or boat move

swing (v)          to move side to side

lift (n)   an upward movement

position (v)       to put in a place

enable (v)         to allow; to make possible

stabilizer (n)     a vertical wing on an airplane that helps it keep its position

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

personality (n)  a group of traits and behaviors particular to a person

define (v)         to tell exactly what something is

precise (adj)     exact

reprogrammable (adj)  able to be given new, different instructions

vast (adj)         great in number or quantity

majority (n)      more than 50 percent of a group

hydraulic (adj)  operated by water under pressure

compressed (adj)         pushed into a small volume to create pressure

pneumatic (adj)            operated by compressed air

plug (v)            to connect, usually to gain electricity

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

cell (n)  the smallest structures of living matter that can form larger organs in larger life forms

radiation (n)     the process of giving off light and/or heat energy

respond (v)      to react; to act because of a prior action

repair (v)          to fix

protect (v)        to keep from getting hurt

lotion (n)          a cream or oil applied to skin

block (v)          to stop; to prevent

shield (n)          a device for protection; a device that blocks danger

reach (v)          to get to; to arrive at

absorb (v)        to take in

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

I’m free (phrase)          I have no work or appointments

tribal (adj)        concerning a group of people

totem (n)          an animal or plant that acts as a symbol for a group of people

paper (n)          an essay; a written report

go over (v)       to review; to describe

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

shed (v)           to get rid of from oneself; to leave a part of oneself behind

remind (v)        to bring to attention again

discard (v)       to get rid of; to throw away

certain (adj)     particular; specific

evolve (v)         to change and improve over time

admire (v)        to respect

vegetation (n)   plants growing in a certain area

forage (v)         to wander in search of food

avoid (v)          to stay away from

migrate (v)       to move from one area to another

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

apply for (v)     to try to get

position (n)       a job

tour guide (n)   a person who leads a group of people around a place and gives them information about the place

duty (n)            a responsibility; a task needed on a job

hold (v)            to have; to do

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

martial (adj)     having to do with war or fighting

picture (n)        to imagine; to see in one’s mind

spectacular (adj)          impressive; amazing

spin (v) to turn quickly in a circle

strengthen (v)   to make stronger

principle (n)      a main or guiding idea in a way of thinking and behaving

concentrate (v) to focus; to think closely

alert (adj)         aware of everything around

resumé (n)        a paper explaining one’s education, work

experience, and suitable skills for a job

deal with (v)     to successfully act to overcome a challenge; to handle

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

advisor (n)       someone who gives advice, or helps solve

problems

major (v)          to take as a main course of study

civilization (n)   the state of large numbers of people living

together under certain rules

cover (v)          to teach about; to include

reformation (n) a period of great social change

intriguing (adj)  interesting

discussion (n)   a talk about a particular topic

closely (adv)    with exactness; not going far from

society (n)        a group of people of the same culture living in the same area

citizen (n)         one member of a society

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

mother (adj)     place or country of beginning

tongue (n)        a language

academic (n)    a scholar; a person who studies for a job

educator (n)     a teacher

basic (adj)        fundamental; the simplest and most important

disagree (v)      to have different opinions

for sure (phrase)          with certainty; without doubt

coordinate (adj)           working together

personality (n)  the thought and behavior that distinguish one person from others

end up (v)        to result in; to be or exist at the end of some event

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

pay attention (v)           to listen closely; to focus

curriculum (n)   courses and topics of study

composition (n)            the act of writing

require (v)        to need

lengthy (adj)     long

semester (n)     a division of a school year

humanities (n)   an area of study including literature, history, and philosophy

relate to (v)      to deal with; to be important to

elective (n)       a course that students get to choose; not required

fulfill (v)            to complete the requirements

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

basis (n)           a root; a basic principle

invisible (adj)    not able to be seen

radical (adj)     very different; attempting to change society

ethical (adj)      concerning right or wrong behavior

acceptable (adj)           considered right; not offensive

diversity (n)      the state of having many different peoples, ideas, and lifestyles in a culture

conform (v)      to submit to a standard

alternative (adj)            different than a standard

uniform (adj)    the same throughout

Interdependence          two or more people or units equally relying on each other

(n)

Building - Reading

Chapter 1

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

continent (n)     a large landmass

fascinating (adj)            very interesting

rainforest (n)    a dense forest that is usually seen in hot humid areas

percent (n)       per 100 (i.e., 70%)

export (v)         to ship and sell products to other nations

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

feature (v)        to have; to be characterized by

version (n)        a different form or variation

composer (n)   a person who writes music

chamber (n)     a room

perform (v)      to play music, act, sing, etc.

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

element (n)       the simplest form of substances consisting of atoms

consist of (v)    to be made up or composed of

bond (v)           to join

equation (n)      a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

compound (n)  "a substance made of two or more chemicals, which when combined,

cannot be separated"

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

ahead (adv)      in the future

first aid (n)       treatment given to the sick or injured when doctors are unavailable

bite (n) a skin wound from an animal or insect

pain (n)            hurt; ache

list (n)   a series of items written down for organization

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

pottery (n)        tools made from baked clay

clay (n) moist, sticky earth

grind (v)           to crush into small pieces

dough (n)         a mixture of flour and water (or milk) used in the preparation of bread

lump (n)           a thick piece of something

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

limit (n) a maximum length or amount

inning (n)          a division of a baseball game, in which each team has a chance at bat

equal (adj)       same

complete (v)     to finish

score (v)          to gain points in a game

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

century (n)       a period of a 100 years

expert (n)         a person with great knowledge of a topic

modern (adj)    of recent times

diary (n)           a book recording a writer’s daily thoughts and feelings

soldier (n)        a member of an army

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

branch (n)        a section; an area

odd (adj)         strange; unexpected

mineral (n)        a natural, rock-like substance useful to people

fuel (n) a material burned to produce heat or energy

survive (v)        to maintain life; to continue living

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

dry up (v)         to stop being produced

keep (v)           to stay edible: to not become bad

stomach (n)      an organ used for digesting food

thicken (v)        to make heavier and more solid

store (v)           to keep for use

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

set in (v)           to take effect; to happen

shiver (v)          to shake uncontrollably from cold

stiff (adj)          unable to bend or move fluidly

mixed up (adj)  confused

pass out (v)      to lose consciousness; to faint

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

root (n)            the part that contains the main meaning of words

prefix (n)          "the part of a word coming before the root that modifies the

meaning of the word";

suffix (n)           "the part of a word coming after the root that modifies the

meaning of the word"

common (adj)  usual; frequently encountered

unfamiliar (adj) unknown to a reader; not previously encountered

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

area (n)            a place; a region

pole (n)            the end of an axis through a sphere

region (n)         a place; an area

belong to (v)    to be owned by

border (v)        to touch the edge of; to surround

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

settle (v)           to solve a problem

section (n)        a part; an area

assembly (n)     a meeting for discussion

security (n)       safety

permanent (adj)           lasting forever; not temporary

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

transmit (v)       to send information via waves

television set (n)           a machine for watching TV

show (n)          a program; material to be watched on TV

certain (adj)     specific kinds, particular

keep going (v)  to continue operating

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

billionth (adj)    one part of 1,000,000,000

bent (adj)         not straight; curved

pass through (v)           to go through; to move through

band (n)           a stripe or strip that contrasts with its surroundings in color

sharp (adj)       very clearly divided

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

trade (v)           to exchange

necklace (n)     a piece of jewelry worn around the neck

bracelet (n)      a piece of jewelry worn around the wrist

exquisite (adj)  excellent and beautiful

piece (n)          one unit of artwork

add (v) to also use

craft (n)            skill in making something

secondary (adj)            lesser; not primary

semi-precious (adj)      stones less valuable than precious stones like diamonds, rubies or emeralds

decorate (v)     to make beautiful with; to add; to adorn

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

deciduous (adj)            losing leaves in fall

round (adv)      around; in circumference

worship (v)      to treat as sacred; to love as though a god

acorn (n)          a small, round nut-like seed

barrel (n)          a round container made of wood

tough (adj)       strong

carpenter (n)    someone who builds things from wood

disease (n)       a sickness

cure (n)            a treatment; a way to fix a sickness

succeed (v)      to successfully complete a task or goal

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

oral (adj)          spoken, not written

conclusion (n)   the final part of a speech

audience (n)     people watching a performance

out loud (adv)  aloud; said so that others can hear

examine (v)      to look at closely

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

replace (v)       to move so something else can be in that place

flow (v)            to move smoothly like water

circulating (adj)            moving around in a cycle

breeze (n)        a light wind

absorb (v)        to take in, like water into a sponge

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

depend on (v)  to rely on; to need for support

economic (adj) related to producing and distributing goods, wealth, and services

nation (n)         a country

decision (n)      a judgment; a conclusion about laws or problems

local (adj)        of or related to a particular area

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

control (n)        an instrument used to operate a machine

forward (adv)   in the direction toward the front

setting (n)         position

uphill (adv)       toward the direction up an incline

practice (v)      to repeat an action to become better at it

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

bone (n)           a hard white part in the body that makes up the skeleton

tame (v)           to take out of the wild and make obey people

puppy (n)         a young or baby dog

bark (v)           to make a noise like a dog

domesticate (v)            to make gentle; to tame

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

found (v)          to set up; create; to establish

legend (n)         a popular story from long ago that cannot be proven true

myth (n)           "a story based on tradition or legend, usually from oral stories of

the past, incorporating a group’s beliefs about the origins of the world,

the causes of natural events, and the origins of customs and practices"

village (n)         a small town or community, usually in the country

ancient (adj)     extremely old; referring to times long ago

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

string (n)          "a tightly stretched cord or wire on a musical instrument that makes

a sound when plucked"

pluck (v)          to take hold of with the fingers, pull, and then release

stretch (v)        to pull until tight

length (n)          the distance from end to end

finger (n)          one of the five jointed members at the end of the hand

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

method (n)       a process

identify (v)        to name; to specify

analyze (v)       to separate into parts and examine in order to explain

design (v)         to plan; to invent; to formulate

confirm (v)       to prove; to verify; to become certain of

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

covered by (adj)          under; lying beneath

humidity (n)      the amount of water vapor in the air

vapor (n)          tiny particles of liquid in the air

relative (adj)     meaningful only in relation to something else

cubic (adj)       having the volume of a cube whose edge is of a specific length

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

major (adj)       important

intense (adj)     showing full concentration and involvement

passionate (adj)           showing strong emotion

express (v)       to communicate; to show

twirl (v)            to spin; to revolve quickly

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

at least (adj)     not less than; a minimum of

literature (n)     "writings such as dramas, poems, novels, essays, and stories, especially

those that have great artistic value"

author (n)         a writer

time (n)            a period of the past; an age

go through (v)  to experience; to endure

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

vitamin (n)        a substance required in human nutrition to maintain health

falsehood (n)    a lie; an untruth

evidence (n)     factual information to prove something

damage (v)       to hurt; to injure

amount (n)       a quantity; a measure

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

harm (v)           to cause injury or damage; to hurt

felony (n)         a crime that causes great harm

serious (adj)     important; grave

misdemeanor (n)          a crime that causes small harm

fine (n) a monetary punishment

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

branch (n)        a section; an area

include (v)        to contain within; to deal with

likewise (adv)   similarly; in the same way

fossil (n)           the remains or shape of a plant or animal within a rock

search (v)         to attempt to find

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

shelter (n)         a place where people are protected from bad weather and cold

prepare (v)       to make; to manufacture

scrape (v)        to remove by rubbing strongly

soak (v)           to immerse in liquid

smoke (v)        to preserve by exposing to smoke

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

style (n)            a technique; a method

verse (n)          a division of a poem, usually a group of sentences

rhyme (v)         to have the same sound as; i.e., cat, mat

paragraph (n)   a section of writing (usually dealing with a particular point)

article (n)         a usually short piece of writing, as in a magazine or newspaper

scholar (n)        a person who studies a particular subject or knows a lot about a subject

novel (n)          a long fictional book

claim (v)           to say/insist something has been done

printing press (n)          a machine that can make many books quickly

vast (adj)         very large in size

majority (n)      most of

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

inclined (adj)    having a slight, gentle slope

resistance (n)    a force which opposes motion

multiply (v)       to increase many times

exert (v)           to bring into use; to put effort on something

fulcrum (n)       the point which a lever moves around

pivot (v)           to move or turn in a circular way/motion

angled (adj)      placed at an angle (relationship between two lines)

ramp (n)           a sloping (inclined) surface

plane (n)          a flat/straight surface

straight (adj)     not bent or curved

gravity (n)        the force that the Earth places on objects

Chapter 2

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

handle (v)         to touch with the hands

footwork (n)    the way the feet are used or moved

trap (v) to stop and keep something

dribble (v)        to move by repeated kicking

basic (n)           a fundamental or essential skill

bounce (v)       to hit (the ground) and rebound

tap (v)  to touch lightly and repeatedly

goal (n)            the area where a point can be scored

gain (v) to get an increase of

opponent (n)    a person on the opposite team

Skill A-2    

Wordlist           Meaning

tiny (adj)          very small

droplet (n)        a small drop

perfectly (adv)  completely

still (adj)           unmoving

mainly (adv)     for the most part

bump (v)          to hit lightly

after a while (adj)         a short time later

form (v)           to make or produce something

flake (n)           a flat thin piece

pellet (n)          a very small piece of material

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

scent (n)           a nice or sweet smell

flavor (v)          to give flavor or taste to something

poisonous (adj)            "capable of harming due to poison, a substance that can injure or kill if

eaten or drunk"

germ (n)           a bacterium, virus, or other tiny disease-causing organism

modern (adj)    recent

illness (n)          a sickness; the condition of being in poor health

powerful (adj)  strong

tassel (n)          a thin string

potent (adj)      strong acting; having a strong effect

look into (v)     to research; to study

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

calculate (v)     to find out through a mathematical process

estimate (v)      to guess the approximate amount

beneath (prep) under; below

layer (n)           a horizontal section; a strata

accurate (adj)   without error; exact

rapidly (adv)    very quickly

radiation (n)     an emission of energy, waves, or particles

decay (v)         to break down; to diminish

particle (n)       a unit of matter, smaller than an atom

analysis (n)       a study of all the parts; an examination

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

consume (v)     to take; to use

room (n)          space

shorthand (adj) a system of symbols which makes descriptions shorter

notation (n)      a system of figures or symbols used to represent numbers

equation (n)      something that represents something in a simpler form

multiple (adj)    being able to be divided by

something like (phrase) such as

calculator (n)    a small machine used to do calculation

screen (n)         a surface used to show numbers and pictures

floating (adj)     moving; unfixed

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

band (n)           a group

perform (v)      to entertain an audience

courtyard (n)    an open space in the center of buildings

tavern (n)         a shop that sells and serves alcohol

resemble (v)     to look like

among (prep)   in the group of

playwright (n)   a writer of plays

last (v)  to continue

period (n)         an interval of time

tragedy (n)       a play or other work that has an unhappy ending

copy (v)           to imitate: to mimic

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

natural (n)        known without study; like an instinct

breathe (v)       to take air into the body through the mouth

normal (adj)     common; expected

nervous (adj)    a little scared; worried

properly (adv)  correctly; appropriately

shallow (adj)    thin; not deep

tuck in (v)        to bend together, close to something

glide (v)           to move smoothly

distance (n)      an amount of space or area

immerse (v)      to dip into or under the surface of water (or liquid)

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

puffy (adj)        rounded

horizontal (adj) being from side to side

feather (n)        the “hair” of a bird

curl (n) a twist; a coil

altitude (n)        the height in the air

"are composed of

(phrase)"          are made of

towering (adj)  standing tall over

base (n)           the bottom part

combination (n)            the addition together of parts

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

contain (v)        to have in it

revolve (v)       to circle around

complete (v)     to finish

revolution (n)    a circular path around something

satellite (n)       a small body in space that revolves around a planet

frozen (adj)      solid due to lack of heat

dust (n)            very small, dry particles

race (v)            to go very quickly; to rush

burn up (v)       to be destroyed by heat or fire

turn to (v)         to change to

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

legend (n)         a list of symbols

cover (v)          to contain; to deal with

flat (adj)           having a horizontal surface without a slope or curve

scale (n)           the proportion or measurement of the map compared to the real world

verbal (adj)      related to words

bar (n)  a thick vertical line used in graphs

graphic (adj)    related to pictures or drawing

stand for (v)     to represent

previous (adj)   prior; occurring before

symbol (n)        a picture used to represent something

dot (n)  a small round mark, like a period

capital (adj)      related to the official location of government

footpath (n)      a path for walking, not driving

steep (adj)       having a sharp rise in height

topographical (adj)       related to graphical representation of land surface height

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

melt (v)            to make liquid due to heat

steam (n)          water in gas form

blow up (v)      to explode

blow (v)           to move along as if carried by air

tail (n)  a long stream of material following the head

disappear (v)    to go away; to vanish

metal (n)          a material like gold, iron, or copper

pair (n) a couple; a group of two

crash (v)          to hit at high speed

naked eyes (phrase)     unaided human vision

telescope (n)    a piece of equipment that can observe objects far away

shooting (adj)   falling

shower (n)       many falling stars in one area

fireball (n)        a bright burning sphere

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

talent (n)          a skill or ability

commander (n) a leader or person in charge

talented (adj)    skilled at some or many things

victory (n)        a successful defeat of an opponent

unified (adj)      brought together

reform (n)        improvements/changes made to make something better

civil rights (n)    the things a person is free to do (in a country); a person’s rights

movement (n)   a change in a way of thinking; a change for a particular cause

dissatisfied (adj)           not happy or pleased with

course (n)        a direction that something moves in

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

verse (n)          a group of sentences in a poem/song

lyric (adj)         "song-like; related to a poem that often shows strong emotions

(of the speaker)"

narrative (adj)  story-like; related to a poem that tells events

dramatic (adj)  exciting; theater-like

stringed (adj)    having strings (long pieces of wire or cord pulled tight) i.e., a harp

lyre (n) a type of musical instrument with strings

rhyme (n)         when two words have the same end sound (i.e., “cat” “bat”)

revolution (n)    a sudden (sometimes violent) change in government or political leadership

script (n)          the written or printed text of a book, play, film or dialogue

monologue (n)  a speech said by one actor or person without interruption from another

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

cover (v)          to be on top of something, so that it can’t be seen

recede (v)        to move or come back

tide (n) the change in the level of water in the sea or ocean

gravity (n)        the force between objects that causes them to move toward each other

gravitational (adj)         relating to or caused by gravity

occur (v)          to happen

planet (n)         a large object in space that circles a star (i.e. Earth or Jupiter)

opposite (adj)  on the other side or end of

in conjunction (adv)      together; with one another

angle (n)           the relationship (in degrees) two lines have at the point they meet

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

devise (v)         to invent/make up

effective (adj)   useful; good at getting the result needed

rush (v)            to do something very quickly

loft (v)  to make something go high up in the air

baseline (n)      the line which marks the end or back of a tennis court

racket (n)         a wooden (stringed) object used to hit a ball in sports

smash (v)         to hit the ball downward with great force

backwards (adv)          toward the back; with the back leading

shorten (v)       to make smaller or less

handle (n)         the part of the racket or object that you hold with your hand

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

vast (adj)         great or large in size or amount

glacier (n)         a vast sheet of ice

shrink (v)         to become smaller

series (n)          a chain or set of events

slide (v)            to move smoothly and easily over a surface

continental (adj)           extremely large, approaching the size of a continent

alpine (adj)       "related to mountains; for glaciers, related to a glacier surrounded on

all sides by mountains"

retreat (v)         to move back or away from

trough (n)         a low area surrounded at the sides by hills or mountains (in a U-shape)

glacial (adj)      caused by glaciers

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

crop (n)           a plant grown to produce food

porridge (n)      a cereal boiled in water or milk (often made with oats)

bow (n)            a weapon made by bending a piece of wood and tying string to it

arrow (n)         a piece of wood with a sharp metal tip, fired by a bow

spear (n)          a long piece of wood with a sharp metal tip, used to hunt

spoil (v)           to go bad or rotten

stone (n)          a piece of rock

horn (n)            a sharp, bone-like part seen on some animals’ heads, like cattle or sheep

celebrate (v)     to mark a happy occasion by doing something special

contest (n)        a competition

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

information (n)  news and facts

source (n)        where something comes from or begins

primary (adj)    first-hand; direct

event (n)          something that has happened or taken place

involve (v)        to be part of or participate in something (an event)

secondary (adj)            taken or learned from the primary

historian (n)      a person who writes about or studies the past

opinion (n)       what a person thinks about a certain subject or idea

take part in (v) to be a part of an event; to have been in an event

topic (n)           a subject

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

community (n)  a group of people living together in a particular area

ecosystem (n)   the plants and animals that live/exist in a certain area

process (n)       a number of actions that end in a result

erupt (v)           to come out violently

bare (adj)         not covered in anything

fungus (n)         a plant-like organism with no leaves or roots (i.e., a mushroom)

lichen (n)          a type of fungus that can be seen covering rocks

chemical (n)     the basic (smallest) part that all things are made of (i.e., hydrogen)

patch (n)          a small section or area that is different from the main

root (n)            the part of a plant or tree that goes into the ground

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

Renaissance (n)            "a time in the 15th century when European society went through

a great change"

remarkable (adj)          extraordinary; very different or unusual

spirit (n)           an unseen being with great powers

invisible (adj)    something that can’t be seen

focus (v)          to concentrate or think strongly on a particular subject or thing

predominantly (adv)     mostly

seek (v)           to look for; to try to find

alive (adj)         not dead

intelligent (adj)  clever; educated; smart

government (n) the group of political leaders in a country

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

treat (v)            to help; to try to cure or take care of

disease (n)       an illness or sickness

domestic (adj)  made or changed for human use

tusk (n)            a long, curved tooth that comes out of certain animals’ mouths

aggressive (adj)            quick to attack or be violent

escaped (adj)   have gotten out of or gained freedom from

mate (v)           to come together and make offspring or children

ruin (v) to damage or destroy

rare (adj)         not often seen

acre (n)            a measurement of land (1 acre = 4,047 square meters)

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

pattern (n)        a shape, reproduced a number of times (like on wallpaper or carpet)

design (n)         organized shapes and patterns

constellation (n)            a group of stars which, together, form a shape

object (n)         a thing that can be seen or touched

distinguish (v)   to see the difference between certain things

bull (n) a male cow (the name of one of the constellations)

scorpion (n)     "a spider-like animal with two pincers and a poisonous tail over its back </p>
that stings"

harvest (v)        to gather crops and plants that have been grown

stationary (adj) not moving

gradually (adj)  slowly; bit by bit

astronomer (n) a person who studies the stars and planets

international (adj)         happening or occuring between two or more countries

official (adj)      recognized by a person in authority (in charge)

imagination (n)  our ability to see or make things in our minds that may not be real

Chapter 3

Practice Test - Businesses

Wordlist           Meaning

proprietorship (n)         the fact or state of being owner

partnership (n)  a relationship where two or more people own something together

corporation (n) a group of people who work together in business

earn (v)            to gain or make money

profit (n)          money that is made (above the expenses that made it)

deficit (n)         an amount of money that is a loss

extra (n)           that which is more than was needed or expected

tax (n)  money paid to the government

partners (n)      the people in a partnership

decrease (n)     to make less

stockholder (n) a person who owns stock in a company

dividend (n)      a portion of a company’s profit paid to a shareholder

treat (v)            to act towards

contract (n)      a legal agreement

rate (n) measure or level

secure (adj)      safe

Practice Test - Crystals

Wordlist           Meaning

atom (n)           the smallest unit of a chemical

molecule (n)     a small block or group of chemicals

block (n)          a group or number of things together

microscope (n) a device used to see things that are normally too small to see

substance (n)    the material a thing is made of

inorganic (adj)  is not produced naturally

petroleum (n)   a naturally occurring oil

reflect (v)         to send back (an image of something)

decoration (n)  something used to mark an occasion or make something look nice

energy (n)        a force that can help do work

jade (n)            a usually green semi-precious stone

invisible (adj)    unable to be seen

technology (n)  the use of science to improve our knowledge of machines and everyday life

communicate (v)          to give knowledge or pass something to another person in some way

Building - Speaking

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

laundry (n):       dirty clothes that need to be washed

manage (v):      to control; to operate

operate (v):      to control; to cause to work

repair (v):         to fix

nowadays (adv):          in present times; these days

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

socialize (v):     to take part in social activities

earn (v):           to receive money by doing work

kill time (v phrase):       "to do something just to spend time;

to do an activity to make time seem to go faster"

entertaining (adj):         interesting and fun

challenging (adj):          difficult; not easy

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

"go through

(v phrase):"      to endure; to suffer difficult circumstances

frustrated (adj):            "disappointed or annoyed

because something cannot be done";

self-reliance (n):           the ability to do things alone or without help

independence (n):         freedom from control

equality (n):      the state of being the same level in society

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

"role model

(n phrase):"      "a person whom other people look to as a model

for actions or values"

influential (adj): "able to influence others;

able to change the way others may think or act"

intelligent (adj): smart; clever

faithfully (adv):  with dedication; reliably

fairly (adv):       without showing favor or preference for one side

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

rush (n):           "a feeling of excitement, usually from a dangerous

or risky activity"

risk (n):            possibility of harm; danger

brave (adj):      courageous; being strong despite fear

injured (adj):    hurt

thrill (n):           a feeling of pleasure usually associated with a little fright

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

special effects (n):        "fantastic images in movies created

through special techniques or technology"

environment (n):           everything surrounding a place; nature

violence (n):     physical force exerted for the purpose of damage

justice (n):        the quality of being just or fair

contemplate (v):           to think about; to consider

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice1 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

cancellation (n):            the act of calling off or canceling

enrolled (adj):   included on the official list of students for a class

absent (adj):     not present; missing from

kindly (adv):     please

hereby (adv):    by means of this

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice1 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

"seriously ill

(adj phrase):"   having a disease that could cause death

check (v):         to look at; to read

lounge (n):        place for relaxing

behind (adj):     late; not following the expected schedule

article (n):         "short non-fiction writing, usually found in a magazine

or journal"

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice2 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

resident (n):      a person living in some location

patrol (n):         "a group of police or security guards sent out

to protect or watch some area"

"in collaboration

with (advphrase):"        together with

vandalism (n):   "painting or writing on walls or public buildings,

a kind of crime"

violation (n):     a minor crime

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice2 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

beef up (v phrase):       to make stronger

"taken seriously

(adj phrase):"   thought of as serious or of great concern

rip off (v phrase):         to steal

gate (n):           a door that serves as an entrance or exit in a wall or fence

culprit (n):        a person committing a crime; a criminal

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice3 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

graduation (n):  the ending or passing out of some course of study

major (n):         a student within a certain field of study

offer (v):           to list or open as possible to enroll in, for a class

"recommendation

(n):"      an action that is suggested or advised

practical (adj):  related to real or useful work experience

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice3 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

propose (v):     to suggest; to put forth as a plan

work (n):          an artistic creation, like a book, painting, poem, etc.

"don’t mind

(v phrase):"      to have no bad or negative feeling about

available (adj):  able to be used or taken

fit (v):   to manage within a space or boundary

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice1 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

sudden (adj):    quick; without warning

bury (v):           to place in the ground; to cover completely

architecture (n):            "buildings and the basic facilities needed

for the functioning of a society"

virtually (adv):  almost

reconstruct (v): "to put back together; to understand the sequence of

a past event"

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice1 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

"wipe out

(v phrase):"      to destroy

culture (n):        the language, art, food, and customs of a people

advanced (adj):            sophisticated; well educated in science and art

lava (n):            liquid rock that comes from volcanoes

superheated (adj):        excessively hot; hotter than normally possible

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice2 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

landlocked (adj):          not connected to a sea or ocean

content (n):       the proportion of a substance; something contained inside

reason (n):        a cause; an explanation

mineral (n):       a natural substance

deadly (adj):     poisonous; able to kill

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice2 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

evaporation (n):            the change of a liquid to a gas by heat or sun

flow (v):           to constantly move in one direction, like a river

"account for

(v phrase):"      to explain; to show the cause of

dissolved (adj): broken into small particles and suspended in water

float (v):           to stay at the surface; to not sink

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice3 Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

movement (n):  a tendency or trend

undoubtedly (adv):       with certainty; without doubt

originate (v):     to invent; to start

rhythm (n):       a pattern of musical movement through time

melody (n):       a pleasing sequence of notes in music

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice3 Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

unstructured (adj):        loose; not rigid

incorporate (v):            to use part of; to combine

element (n):      a part; a trait

dominate (v):    to control; to be in the most powerful position

evolve (v):        to develop or change over time

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

coach (n):         someone who directs and guides athletes on a sports team

grade (n):         score for performance on a test or in a class

flunk (v):          to fail

tutor (n):           someone who helps another study

sacrifice (v):     "to give up one thing for another thing considered

to be of greater value"

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

moment (n):      small section of free time

graduate (v):     to complete a level of schooling

grin (v):            to smile

bear (v):           to withstand; to continue despite difficulty

deserve (v):      to be worthy of; to earn by merit

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

term (n):           a division of a school year

"supposed to

(adj phrase):"   intended to; meant to; expected to

schedule (n):     calendar of appointments or classes

semester (n):    a division of a school year

"spread out

(v phrase):"      to distribute over an area or time

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

capture (v):      to take control of by force

sailor (n):          someone who works on a ship at sea

academy (n):    a school for special instruction and study

measure (v):     to find the dimensions or quantity of

witness (v):       to see an event happen

struggle (n):      a fight or battle

link (n): a connection; something in common between two things

estimate (v):     to guess or approximate

imagine (v):      to form a picture in one’s mind

behave (v):       to act

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

engineer (n):     "a person who uses scientific knowledge

to solve practical problems"

modernize (v):  "to make modern; to replace old technology and ideas

with new ones"

breakthrough (n):         a discovery or achievement that allows progress

combine (v):     to put two or more things together

technique (n):   a way of doing something; a method

profile (n):        reputation; visibility

project (n):       a large, special task or work

military (n):       the armed forces (army, navy, air force)

divert (v):         to change the direction of

counselor (n):   someone who gives advice and guidance

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

causeway (n):   a raised roadway across water

theory (n):        a set of ideas to explain an event

debate (n):       "an argument; a discussion in which more than

one opinion is presented"

definite (adj):    certain; without doubt

process (n):      a sequence of steps in doing something

legend (n):        a story in which some elements are false or exaggerated

contact (v):       to touch

crystal (n):        "a mineral that naturally forms with smooth,

flat exterior surfaces"

column (n):       a pillar; something with a long, tall form

fascinating (adj):           very interesting

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

get paid (v phrase):      to receive money for work

poetry (n):        "literary writing done in short lines and verses,

usually using symbolic language"

create (v):        to make; to produce

innovative (adj):           new and unique; unlike past objects or ideas

inspiring (adj):  stimulating; tending to increase interest

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

regrettable (adj):          causing a feeling of remorse or disappointment

occasion (n):    instance; opportunity

preoccupied (adj):        absorbed in; concerned with something

challenging (adj):          difficult; not easy

close (adj):       having strong emotional ties; having a strong relationship

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

topic (n):          a subject; a theme

argument (n):    "a heated discussion; a conversation in which

opposing opinions are expressed"

"be familiar with

(v phrase):"      be knowledgeable about; be educated about

"point of view

(n phrase):"      an opinion; a perspective

aid (n): help; assistance

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice4

Wordlist           Meaning

endure (v):       to suffer through; to remain strong under difficulty

heavily (adv):    in large quantities

compound (v):  to add to; to increase

top off (v phrase):        to add the final part that makes it more intense

"break down

(v phrase):"      to stop working

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

beneficial (adj): helpful; something that is good for you

presentation (n):           information shown by one person or group to another

emphasis (n):    stress; noted importance

"communication

(n):"      "the sharing of thoughts and ideas

between two or more people"

confidence (n): belief in one’s ability

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

address (v):      to examine; to try to solve

transportation (n):         ability to move people or things

issue (n):          problem; topic for debate

require (v):       to need

pollute (v):        to make unclean or unhealthy

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

produce (v):     to make; to create

negative (adj):  bad; harmful

communicate (v):          to share ideas, thoughts, and opinions with others

silently (adv):    without making any sound; quietly

physical (adj):   relating to the body

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice4

Wordlist           Meaning

SUV (n):          "sports utility vehicle; a fourwheel-drive vehicle

designed for off-road travel"

mileage (n):      distance a vehicle can travel per unit of fuel

cumbersome (adj):       awkward; difficult to carry or manage

fuel (n): substance that provides energy for work

impressive (adj):           remarkable; attractive

Chapter2-SkillB Question3 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

encourage (v):  to support an action

proposal (n):    a suggested plan or idea

option (n):        an available choice; a selection

expand (v):       to make bigger

maintain (v):     to keep

vote (v):           to express a choice

close (v):          to shut down; to stop operating

variety (n):        several different choices

select (v):         to choose

crowded (adj): having too many people in a small area

Chapter2-SkillB Question3 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

fee (n): money required for a service

maintenance (n):           upkeep and repair

hike (n):           an increase in rate

steady (adj):     constant; without large changes

optional (adj):   not required; able to be chosen

afford (v):         to have enough money to buy

convenient (adj):          comfortable; easy to reach

jack up (v phrase):       to increase quickly

fund (n):           money designated for a specific purpose
absorb (v):       to take in; to assume or pay for

Chapter2-SkillB Question4 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

chemical (n):     a substance created by science

organic (adj):    without man-made chemicals

pest (n):           something that causes damage or annoyance

strategy (n):      a plan of action

remove (v):      to take away

involved (adj):  part of; needed

control (v):       to regulate; to hold within limits or rules

disease (n):       sickness; illness

crop (n):           a group of plants grown by a farmer

argue (v):         to suggest; to say as an opinion

Chapter2-SkillB Question4 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

controversy (n):            public disagreement

construction (n):           state of making or building

design (n):        a plan; a scheme; a pattern

landscape (n):   common appearance or idea of an area

oppose (v):      to be against; to work against

destroy (v):      to ruin; to tear down

valid (adj):        effective; true; just

ultimate (adj):   essential; of the greatest significance

symbol (n):       something that represents, or means, something else

skeletal (adj):   like a skeleton (the bones that make up an animal’s body)

Chapter2-SkillC Question5 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

terrible (adj):    very bad

boring (adj):     not interesting; not stimulating

miss (v):           to not see or hear something

notes (n):          information given during a class

solve (v):          to find an answer or solution

effort (n):          an attempt; use of energy

row (n):            "a series of objects placed next to each other

in a straight line"

actively (adv):   with energy and focus

appreciate (v):  to be thankful for

assistance (n):   help

Chapter2-SkillC Question5 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

philosophy (n): the study of reality, knowledge, or values

rough (adj):      difficult; not smooth

bomb (v):         to fail badly; to perform poorly

practice (n):      a session for repeating and improving skills

assign (v):         to give work

handle (v):        to take care of; to manage; to deal with

entire (adj):      whole; complete

summary (n):    a presentation of the main points of a text or other material

critical (adj):     important; necessary

insight (n):        an understanding; perception; interpretation of facts

Chapter2-SkillC Question6 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

ancient (adj):    very old

craftsman (n):   someone who practices a craft with great skill

invent (v):         to make something new

lens (n):            a piece of glass used for looking through

appear (v):       to seem; to look like

magnify (v):      to make larger or greater

logically (adv):  with good reason; reasonably; in ay that makes sense

conclude (v):    to believe after examining facts

spin (v):            to turn in a circle

axis (n):            a straight line or pole around which a shape can spin

Chapter2-SkillC Question6 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

democratic (adj):          based on the principle of social equality

capitalist (adj):  "related to an economic system based on

private ownership of business and profit"

economy (n):    "the system of dealing with business and money

in a particular area"

totalitarian (adj):           "a government in which the leader exercises total control

over the population"

communist (adj):          "related to an economic system based on communal,

or group, ownership of business and profit"

realize (v):        to understand

trap (v):            to prevent from escape

decade (n):       a period of 10 years

restriction (n):   a limitation; a rule that limits or prevents an activity

basically (adv): "in essence; more or less; focusing

on the most important detail"

Building - Writing

Chapter1-SkillA Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

issue (n):          a topic of discussion or debate

debate (n):       "a discussion in which two

or more different opinions on a topic are expressed"

parliament (n):  the top law-making group of politicians in a country

ban (v):            to prohibit or forbid; to not allow

sympathetic (adj):         feeling the same emotions as; relating to the feelings of

Chapter1-SkillA Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

image (n):         a style; an opinion based on physical appearance

tarnish (v):        to damage the appearance of; to make imperfect

outlaw (v):        to ban by law; to make something punishable by law

illegal (adj):      contrary to the law; against the rules

traditional (adj):            "in accordance with a standard that has been used

for a long time"

Chapter1-SkillA Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

evidence (n):    something helpful for making a conclusion

admit (v):         to say when one has committed a mistake; to confess

contend (v):      to say something is true; to maintain

voyage (n):       an extended trip, often by sea

settlement (n):   the process of starting communities in a new area

Chapter1-SkillA Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

assert (v):         to say something is true; to maintain

accurate (adj):  true; conforming exactly to fact

mystery (n):      something not fully understood; an enigma

remain (v):        to stay in a place or condition

unsolved (adj): not understood

Chapter1-SkillA Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

research (v):     to study; to find out about

communicate (v):          to exchange ideas

access (v):        to enter; to gain use of

inappropriate (adj):      not suitable

strain (v):          to put pressure on

Chapter1-SkillA Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

invention (n):    a new device or method of doing something

encyclopedia (n):          "a reference book with information on various topics

arranged alphabetically"

convenient (adj):          easy to reach; comfortable to use or access

isolated (adj):   separated from others; solitary

contact (n):       a coming together; a connection

Chapter1-SkillA Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

distant (adj):     faraway; remote

area (n):           a distinct part or section; a place

sphere (n):        a round, ball-shaped object

detect (v):        to find; to discover

discovery (n):   a finding of new knowledge

Chapter1-SkillA Practice4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

definition (n):    an understanding; a statement of characteristics

classification (n):           a grouping; an organization

similar (adj):     having many of the same features

tilted (adj):       at an angle

despite (prep):  in spite of; even though

Chapter1-SkillB Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

expansion (n):   the process of increasing in size

factor (n):         something that contributes to a result or activity

export (n):        a product sent to another country for sale

globe (n):         the Earth

key (adj):         important; necessary

Chapter1-SkillB Practice1 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

ubiquitous (adj):           very common

widespread (adj):         common in many places

couple (adj):     two

clearly (adv):    without doubt; not vaguely

available (adj):  accessible; ready to be used

Chapter1-SkillB Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

actually (adv):   really; truly

harmful (adj):    able to damage or hurt

active (adj):      not at rest; in movement or at work

wisely (adv):     in a wise, or smart, way

expose (v):       to be touched by; to be near or in the presence of

Chapter1-SkillB Practice2 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

disease (n):       a sickness; an illness

germ (n):          a microorganism that may cause sickness

bacteria (n):      single-celled microorganisms that may cause sickness

recover (v):      to regain health after a sickness

reconsider (v):  "to think about an idea or belief again

after gaining new knowledge"

Chapter1-SkillB Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

split (v):            to cut in two; to divide

energy (n):        the capacity for work or activity

nuclear (adj):    relating to the split nuclei of atoms

generator (n):   a machine that changes energy into electricity

convert (v):      a change from one form to another

Chapter1-SkillB Practice3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

create (v):        to make; to produce

waste (n):         garbage; useless material that remains after a process

handle (v):        to deal with; to take care of; to transport

durable (adj):   strong; rugged; able to withstand violence and time

finally (adv):     in the end; lastly

Chapter1-SkillB Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

extinction (n):   "the process in which a type of animal

or plant disappears from Earth"

theory (n):        a set of ideas used to explain an event

clue (n):            a hint; information that suggests an answer to a question

gradual (adj):    slow; not sudden

die out (v phrase):        to become extinct; to die without producing offspring

Chapter1-SkillB Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

sudden (adj):    quick; without warning

disappear (v):   to vanish; to become nonexistent

huge (adj):        very large

crater (n):         "a bowl-shaped hole made by the collision of

one object into another"

impact (n):        a collision; the hitting of one object into another

Chapter1-SkillC Practice1 Step2   

Wordlist           Meaning

information (n): facts; knowledge

adult (n):          a person over the age of 18; not a child

colleague (n):    a coworker

personally (adv):          as far as I'm concerned; in my case

install (v):         to put in place; to load into a computer

program (n):     "a series of coded instructions

that make a computer perform a specific function"

confusing (adj): difficult to understand clearly

instructions (n): directions that tell how to do something

foreign (adj):    from a different place; different in origin

mistake (n):      an incorrect act; an error

Chapter1-SkillC Practice1 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

period (n):        an interval of time

participate (v):  to take part; to actively do something

activity (n):       a task that requires action or movement

absorb (v):       to take in; to retain

"in spite of

(prep phrase):" despite; even though

recently (adv):  in recent times; not long ago

affordable (adj):           not expensive

insist (v):          to be confident of an opinion; to not yield

limited (adj):     restricted; constrained

feature (n):       a characteristic; a trait; a quality

Chapter1-SkillC Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

cooperate (v):  to work or act together

difficult (adj):    not easy to get along with; troublesome

contrary (adj):  in opposite to what was stated or expected

quality (n):        a characteristic; a trait

introduce (v):    to present or tell about someone for the first time

empty (adj):     not occupied; with nobody inside

offer (v):           to make available; to volunteer

collect (v):        to take and keep keep an eye on

"keep an eye on

(v phrase/idiom):"         to watch for trouble; to keep safe

realize (v):        to understand; to know

Chapter1-SkillC Practice2 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

nosy (adj):        too interested in other people’s lives and business

"mind (your own)

business

(v phrase):"      to not be nosy; to not ask personal questions

unload (v):        to remove a group of objects from some place or vehicle

continue (v):     to carry on

furniture (n):     movable objects in a room for sitting, eating, sleeping, etc.

"come back

(v phrase):"      to return

consider (v):     to think of; to believe

invade (v):        to intrude; to go where you're not wanted

privacy (n):       the condition of being free from unwanted people and noise

respect (n):       to treat with consideration; to recognize as valid

Chapter1-SkillC Practice3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

natural (adj):     normal; not strange or unusual

illustrate (v):     to explain; to give an example

"no matter

(adv phrase):"   without connection to; regardless of

latest (adj):       newest; most recent

"hit the market

(v phrase/idiom):"         to appear in stores for sale

appear (v):       to arrive; to come into existence

mention (n):      a reference to; the condition of speaking about

denounce (v):   to reject; to say something is unworthy

rare (adj):         not common

majority (n):     the larger part; more than half

content (adj):    satisfied; happy with what one has

impress (v):      to affect strongly as good

perfect (adj):    without flaw or error

wax (v):           "to apply a substance (wax),

which cleans, shines, and protects"

notice (v):         to observe; to see and think about

proud (adj):      "feeling self-respect;

feeling happy about oneself or one's possession"

run (v): to work; to operate

maintain (v):     to preserve; to keep in a good state

especially (adv):           in particular; with special emphasis

condition (n):    the state of being

Chapter1-SkillC Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

readily (adv):    without doubt or hesitation; with ease

campus (n):      the lands and buildings of a university or college

feature (v):       to have as a quality; to include

cuisine (n):        a style of food or cooking

cultural (adj):    "related to the language, art, food, customs,

and beliefs of a group of people"

close-knit (adj):            with strong, family-like relationships

community (n): a group of people living in the same area

rewarding (adj):           beneficial; useful; enjoyable

enrich (v):         to make better or more interesting

connect (v):      to create a link or relationship

relocate (v):      to move to a different place

raise (v):           to bring up and teach about life

"nevertheless

(adv):"  however; in spite of that

comfortable (adj):        free from stress, anxiety, and pain

whereas (adv): while; on the contrary

contrast (n):      difference; opposition

surround (v):    to be all around something

similarly (adv):  in a like way

hospitable (adj):           friendly; helpful

miss (v):           "to feel loss or sadness

because of the absence of someone or something"

Chapter2-SkillA Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

brisk (adj):       energetic; with speed

break (n):         a time of rest from work or another activity

vital (adj):         very important; necessary

vigorously (adv):          with a lot of energy or effort

significantly (adv):         with a large difference

Chapter2-SkillA Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

expert (n):        a person with special knowledge or skill on a certain topic

"change one’s tune

(v phrase):"      to change one’s opinion

physical (adj):   relating to the body

occur (v):         to happen

versus (prep):   against

obviously (adv):           without doubt; easily seen or understood

basically (adv): essentially; at the simplest point

enjoyment (n):  pleasure; having fun

stimulating (adj):           exciting; giving energy and cheer

focus (v):          to concentrate

Chapter2-SkillA Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

genetically (adv):          "related to genes, the part of living cells

that determines the form of an animal or plant"

modified (adj):  changed; altered

agriculture (n):  the science, art, and business of farming

resist (v):          to withstand; to not succumb; to remain strong

chemical (n):     a substance with a distinct molecular composition

Chapter2-SkillA Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

merit (n):          a good quality; a benefit

opposite (n):     a contrary point; a completely different point or idea

crop (n):           a group of plants raised by a farmer

technological (adj):       "related to technology; i.e., science, new machines,

new ideas, new techniques, etc."

regular (adj):    normal; usual

argue (v):         to believe and say an opinion or idea; to contend

resistant (adj):  able to remain strong under stress from time and violence

reduce (v):       to make less

achieve (v):      to successfully complete a goal or activity

Chapter2-SkillA Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

investment (n):  money spent for future profit or benefit

resource (n):     something that can be used for support or help

foolish (adj):     lacking in wisdom; not sensible

possibility (n):   the potential for positive result

colonize (v):     to move to and settle in an area in large numbers

Chapter2-SkillA Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"in favor of

(adj phrase):"   supporting; believing in

government(n): "a group of people who control the laws

and policies of a country"

opponent (n):   someone against an idea

threat (n):         a potential danger

"over-population

(n):"      the condition of having too many people living in an area

global (adj):      relating to the world

solve (v):          to find a solution or answer to a problem

recycle (v):       to clean and change for a new use

reuse (v):          to use something again

consumption (n):          the process of using resources

Chapter2-SkillA Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

decline (n):       the fall; the lowering in worth

discipline (n):    a control over behavior

approximately (adj):     about; in estimation

prostitute (n):    a woman paid for sexual services

decay (n):         "the change from a state of excellence

or prosperity to a worse state; deterioration"

Chapter2-SkillA Practice4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

value (n):          a principle or standard believed to represent good behavior

military (n):       the armed forces (army, navy, air force, etc.)

crowded (adj): having many people in a small area

rent (n):            the payment for use of a home or space in a building

improve (v):     to make better

refuse (v):         to decline a request; to show unwillingness to do something

response (n):    an answer; a reply; a reaction

hire (v):            to agree to pay someone for work

troop (n):         a group of soldiers

economy (n):    "the system or range of activity related to money

within a certain area"

Chapter2-SkillB Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

technology (n): "electronic or digital products

and systems considered as a group"

aspect (n):        a trait; a characteristic; a feature

perform (v):      to do; to execute an action

complex (adj):  not simple; containing many parts, features, or ideas

operation (n):   the condition of working or functioning

process (n):      a sequence of steps to complete a task

efficiently (adv):            without wasting time, money, or other resources

conclusion (n):  a judgment or decision reached after thinking about facts

benefit (n):        an advantage; a positive aspect

beneficial (adj): helpful; positive

Chapter2-SkillB Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

nearby (adj):    close to; not far from

encourage (v):  to support a certain action; to give positive reinforcement

advantage (n):  a positive or helpful result

concentrate (v):            to focus; to use one’s mind and energy on one task

pace (n):          a rate; a speed

schedule (n):     a plan for using time

share (v):          to let other people use one’s things

method (n):      a way of doing something; a technique; a style

style (n):           a way of doing something; a technique; a method

"stick with

(v. phrase):"     to continue; to stay with

Chapter2-SkillB Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

weigh (v):         to consider; to think about and compare

advise (v):        to give an opinion; to suggest

require (v):       to need; to use

maintenance (n):           the work of keeping something in proper condition

insurance (n):    a plan to pay for damage or loss

furthermore (adv):        and; in addition

culture (n):        "the art, language, food, and customs of

a certain group of people"

stress (n):         a state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain

relieve (v):        to take away pressure; to make feel better

refreshed (adj): more energetic and happy, to feel better after something

Chapter2-SkillB Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

matter (n):        an issue; a topic

modern (adj):   relating to recent times

society (n):       people living in an area and the rules under which they live

relax (v):          to rest and enjoy

current ( adj):   relating to something recent

negative (adj):  damaging; harmful; having a bad affect

hurt (v):            to damage; to cause harm

share (v):          to allow others access to one’s own property or knowledge

replace (v):       to put one thing in the place of another; to put back

sibling (n):        a sister or brother

"contemporary

(adj):"   related to current times

guidance (n):    the act of teaching or helping someone learn

morality (n):      ideas about right and wrong

damaging (adj):            harmful

consider (v):     to think about

Chapter2-SkillB Practice5 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

traffic (n):         vehicles on roads

alternatively (adv):        with another choice; on the other hand

ticket (n):         a paper receipt that allows access

station (n):        a place where buses come and go

destination (n):  a place that one travels to

fascinating (adj):           very interesting

volunteer (v):    to offer to do something for no pay

"environmental

(adj):"   relating to nature

conscience (n): the part of the mind that determines right and wrong

pollution (n):     harmful chemicals put into the environment by people

Chapter2-SkillB Practice6 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

honor (v):         to treat with respect

feeling (n):        an emotion

contradict (v):   to oppose; to show the opposite

measure (v):     to find the quantity or dimensions of

current (n):       a constant flow in one direction

respond (v):     to answer; to react

consistently (adv):        always the same

intelligence (n): the ability to reason or think

restful (adj):      relaxing; causing rest

deep (adj):       full and strong

wonderful (adj):           very good

Developing - Listening

Chapter 1

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

league (n)         an organized group of teams competing against each other in a sport

co-ed (adj)      involving both female and male students

intramural (adj) between students in the same school rather than different schools

form (v)           to make; to create

at the moment (adv phrase)      now; currently

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

theory (n)         a set of ideas to explain some action or event

transactional (adj)        related to transaction, or communication between two people

stimulus (n)       an action or thing that causes a response; plural form is stimuli

present (n)       the current moment or general times

filter (n)            a device that blocks unwanted material or information while allowing wanted material or information to pass through

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

self service (n phrase)   a service for which the user does the work for himself or herself

reference desk (n phrase)         a desk or office with people who can offer help and information

select (v)          to choose; to pick

virtual (adj)      not real, but with the same concept; simulated

hit (v)   to press

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

military (adj)     related to the armed forces (army, navy, or air force)

conquer (v)      to take and control something by force

civilized (adj)    sophisticated; having a highly developed culture and legal system

legacy (n)         something left for future generations after someone dies

take over (v)    to conquer; to take and control by force

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

certain (adj)     specific; particular

pretty (adv)      rather; quite

That figures. (phrase)   an expression of frustration upon learning bad news

take up (v phrase)        to occupy

inexpensive (adj)          not costing much money

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

poet (n)            a person who writes poetry

amazingly (adv)            in a greatly surprising manner

far (adv)           much

recognized (adj)           well known; famous; admired

tons of (adj phrase)      a large quantity of; many

Skill A-7

Wordlist           Meaning

organism (n)     a living thing, such as a plant or animal

observe (v)      to watch and study

cactus (n)         a plant that grows sharp spines on its surface and is usually found in deserts

member (n)      an individual that is part of a group

community (n)  a group of plants and animals living and interacting with one another in an area

Skill A-8

Wordlist           Meaning

infectious (adj) easily transferred from one person to another

prevalent (adj)  very common; dominant

diarrhea (n)      the condition of having excessive and frequent bowel movements

unpasteurized (adj)       not purified through boiling

infant (n)          a baby; a child at an age before he or she develops the ability to walk

Skill B-1

Wordlist        �Skil�  Meaning

have the time (v phrase)           to know and tell someone the time

stop (n)            a designated place for a bus to stop so people can get on and off

pull away (v phrase)     to drive a car or bus that has been stopped away from a place

route (n)           a standard path for a bus to travel regularly

pass by (v phrase)        to move past; to go near

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

slope (n)          an angled surface

creep (v)          to move slowly and quietly

debris (n)         a scattered collection of broken pieces

avalanche (n)    a large mass falling down a mountainside

steep (adj)       at a high angle

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

drop (v)           to remove a person from an official list or registration

attend (v)         to go to a class, lecture, or meeting of some kind

application (n)  an official request, usually on paper

submit (v)         to give for approval

notification (n)  something, such as a form, by which important information is reported

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

literally (adv)    in an exact, strict sense; not in a symbolic or colloquial sense

fall into (v phrase)        to be part of a category or type

end up (v phrase)         to do something, or be somewhere, at the end of a series of actions

hero (n)            a character in a story (or a real person) that people find admirable

endearing (adj) with an attractive personality; likable

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

republic (n)      a country without a king or queen as a head of state

population (n)   a group of people living within a certain area

statistic (n)       a piece of numerical information

origin (n)          a place of starting, birth, or invention

continent (n)     a large landmass

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

prepared (adj)  ready; equipped to do a task

boost (v)          to increase quickly

check out (v phrase)    to look at; to investigate

ahead of time (adv phrase)       before a certain event or deadline

jot down (v phrase)      to quickly write information

Skill B-7

Wordlist           Meaning

pirate (n)          a person who steals something, traditionally from ships on the sea

bet (v)  to feel confident about an idea

sword (n)         a weapon with a long sharp blade

cannon (n)        a large mounted gun that shoots heavy metal balls

rifle (n) a gun with a long barrel, which requires two hands to hold and shoot

Skill B-8

Wordlist           Meaning

martial art (n phrase)    a system of techniques and strategies for fighting

means (n)         a way; a method

aspect (n)         a part; a feature

psychologically (adv)    related to one’s mind, or way of thinking

deal with (v phrase)      to handle; to cope with; to react to a problem

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

concept (n)      an idea; a notion

unique (adj)      special; different from others

human being (n phrase)            a person; a member of the species homo sapiens

individual (n)    a person; one alone rather than part of a group

behavior (n)     a set of actions

Skill C-2
<p>Wordlist           Meaning

undergraduate (adj)      not yet graduated while studying for a bachelor's degree

already (adv)    by this or a specified time

in that case (phrase)     if that certain situation happens; if true

placement test (n phrase)         an exam that gauges the level (often of a language) of the test takers

place out of (v phrase) to forego; to choose or be permitted not to do

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

rotate (v)          to turn around on an axis

atmosphere (n) the layers of air and other gasses around a planet

unlikely (adv)   with a very low chance of happening

gradually (adv) slowly; with little change over time

cycle (n)           a series of actions that are repeated over and over

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

evaporate (v)   to change from a liquid into a gas because of heat

stream (n)        a small river

trapped (adj)    unable to move or escape from an area

circulate (v)      to move around; to move in a circular pattern

chamber (n)     a room; a hollow area

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

primarily (adv)  mostly; most importantly

format (n)         the plan for something; the shape of something

welcome (adj)  received with pleasure; allowed and encouraged

opportunity (n) a chance to do something

open (adj)        ready and willing to deal with

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

transcript (n)    a list of classes taken and the grades received in those classes

graduate (adj)  related to students who have already received a degree from university

unofficial (adj)  not recognized by a necessary authority

stamp (n)         a mark representing official recognition by a person of authority

charge (n)        a fee; an amount of money needed for an item or service

Skill C-7

Wordlist           Meaning

calcium (n)       an element (Ca) found in bones, teeth, and milk products

strengthen (v)   to make stronger

source (n)        a place of origin; a place or thing from which another thing can be taken

supplement (n) a thing added to increase or make stronger

convert (v)       to change

Skill C-8

Wordlist           Meaning

census (n)        a survey to discover the number of people living in an area and specific information (such as age, gender, and income) about those people

official (n)         a person with authority to represent a government, company, or institution

resident (n)       a person who lives in a certain area

determine (v)    to discover; to decide

in sum (adv phrase)      after considering all the factors; overall

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

residence (n)    a dormitory; a building with small apartments for students to live in while at university

casual (adj)      relaxed; not serious or formal

dress up (v phrase)      to wear fancy clothes, such as a suit or dress

scorch (v)        to burn

bedding (n)      the things required for a bed, such as sheets, pillow, and blankets

toiletries (n)      the things required for washing, such as soap, toothbrush, and razor

flip flops (n)      a pair of plastic sandals for use around water

invest (v)          to spend money on something that will pay back more in the future

luxury (n)         a product designed to add special comfort to life

dirt cheap (adj phrase) very inexpensive

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

factor (n)          an aspect; a part

informative (adj)           providing information

avoid (v)          to not do; to stay away from

cinema (n)        the art industry of making movies

scope (n)         a range of features or information

overview (n)     a summary; a brief introduction to a lot of information

cliché (n)          an overused expression

quote (n)          a person’s exact words written or spoken by another for emphasis

capture (v)       to attract and hold

context (n)       the situation or circumstance in which something happens

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

service (n)        an act of assistance or help

instructional (adj)         giving information on how to do something

workshop (n)   a session, or meeting, at which people can learn and practice a certain skill

double check (v phrase)           to look at again; to check again for errors

offer (v)           to provide for use

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

crop (n)           a group of plants grown on a farm

feed (n)            food for animals

slaughter (v)     to kill and remove the meat from

cattle (n)          a group of animals raised on a farm for use by people

fat (n)   a part of meat that contains a lot of oil

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

element (n)       a part of; an important ingredient

plot (n) the series of events in a story

character (n)    a person or animal that says or does something in a story

reveal (v)         to show something previously hidden

advance (v)      to move forward

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

right-hand man (n phrase)        the closest advisor and second in command to a leader

politician (n)     a person who helps choose the laws and policies of a government

general (n)        a high-level leader in the army

violent (adj)      using physical force to cause pain or damage

anarchy (n)       a state of lawlessness; a state of living without government

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

pass (n)            a card or sticker representing official permission to go somewhere or do something

faculty (n)         a member of the teaching staff of a school or university

deduction (n)    a subtraction, something taken away

option (n)         a choice

in advance (adv phrase)           before a certain event or service begins

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

depression (n)  a state of mind characterized by sadness and lack of energy

state (v)           to say; to present information

treatment (n)    a plan of assistance for an illness or problem

seek (v)           to look for; to try to get

gender (n)        the sex of someone, female or male

Skill D-7

Wordlist           Meaning

particle (n)       a very small piece of matter

behave (v)        to act; to do

pattern (n)        a repeated sequence of shapes, actions, or events

solid (n)           a piece of matter that has a definite, constant shape; not a liquid or gas

packed (adj)    located very close together; compressed

Skill D-8

Wordlist           Meaning

gap (n) a space or difference between two things

socioeconomic (adj)     related to social and economic factors

barrier (n)        a block; an “obstacle”

discrimination (n)          a way of treating or thinking about someone that is based on some point other than that person’s merits, such as race or gender

minority (n)      A group being fewer in number or having less power relative to another group within a society

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

rust (n) a plant disease caused by a rust fungus, characterized by reddish or brownish spots on leaves, stems, and other parts

spot (n)            a generally round area that is of a different color than the surface it is on

pinhead-sized (adj)      very small; the same size as a pinhead

upper (adj)       the side facing the sky rather than the ground

turn (v) to change into

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

journal (n)        a regularly published magazine with articles on a particular topic

subscription (n)            an arrangement to receive a certain product or service on a regular basis

article (n)         a story presenting information in a newspaper or journal

interlibrary (adj)           between two libraries

loan (n)            an agreement that one party gives another party an item for a certain amount of time, after which it is returned

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

model (n)         an example; a system of explanation

stage (n)           a step in a sequence

storm (v)          to express upsetting emotions; to cause uneasiness

make waves (v phrase)            to cause problems; to cause others to become upset

normalization (n)          the process of becoming normal or settled and calm

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

term (n)            a part of a school year; a semester

depend on (v phrase)   to be determined or contingent upon

carry over (v phrase)    to continue; to remain in effect

set up (v phrase)          to organize; to establish

activate (v)       to set in motion; to put into effect

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

series (n)          a number of related things or events in order

briefly (adv)     lasting a short time

in addition to (adv phrase)        besides; not only the previous idea but also

exporter (n)      a country that sends and sells a product to other countries

reduce (v)        to make less or lower

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

address (n)       a speech for a specific audience

battlefield (n)    an area in which fights during a war occurred

civil (adj)          relating to citizens within one country

last (v)  to run for; to continue for

from the heart (adv phrase)      with honesty and emotion

Skill E-7

Wordlist           Meaning

ruins (n)           a group of old, broken buildings

man-made (adj)           built by humans

architecture (n) the art and science of designing buildings

structure (n)     a building or other construction, such as a bridge or well

maintenance (n)            the process of keeping in good, working condition

Skill E-8

Wordlist           Meaning

sign up (v phrase)         to register; to add one�adj)�s name to an official list

independent (adj)         without assistance or guidance from others

willing (adj)      agreeable to

enroll (v)          to register for a class

schedule (n)     an official book or document listing times of classes or events

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

developmental (adj)     related to development, the process of growing or learning

psychology (n) the study of human thinking and behavior

prerequisite (n) a course or qualification needed to gain entrance

introductory (adj)         serving to introduce; related to an introduction

point (n)           a particular time within some process

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

absolute (adj)   total; complete

monarchy (n)    a government ruled by a monarch, such as a king or queen

state (n)           a region under a particular form of government

constitutional (adj)        related to or from a constitution

terminate (v)     end; eliminate

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

tube (n)            a long hollow cylinder

vibrate (v)        to move back and forth very quickly

reed (n)            a flexible strip of metal or cane set into the mouthpiece or air opening of certain instruments to produce sound by vibrating

fixed (adj)        set; unmoving

cane (n)           a strong, flexible wood that comes from certain kinds of bamboo or reeds

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

package (n)      a wrapped or boxed object; a parcel

regular (adj)     normal; ordinary

registered (adj) officially listed for tracking and insured against loss or damage

post office box (n)        a mailbox which can be rented for use located within a post office

money order (v)           a special kind of check that anyone can buy at a post office or bank and send to a payee

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

method (n)       a technique; a way of doing something

calculate (v)     to figure out; to perform a mathematical function

involve (v)        to include as part of a process

radiate (v)        to send out in waves or rays

give off (v phrase)        to radiate; to produce and release

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

database (n)     a computer program that organizes a collection of data so people can find it easily

bilingual (adj)   able to speak and understand two languages

call number (n phrase)  an identification number on books and resources in a library that allows for easy tracking

microfilm (n)     a film on which books, magazines, and other printed materials are photographed and made very small but can be read with a special machine

Skill F-7

Wordlist           Meaning

determine (v)    to find through research or calculations

content (n)       the proportion of a specified substance

saltier (adj)       having a higher content of salt

bury (v)            to cover

dissolve (v)      to break down into small separate pieces suspended in a liquid

Skill F-8

Wordlist           Meaning

revolution (n)    the violent overthrow of one government and its replacement with another

surround (v)     to be all around; to position on all sides of

surrender (v)    to give up; to stop resisting; to give control to another

ammunition (n) the things like bullets that are fired by guns

outnumber (v)  to have a greater quantity of; to have more people, especially soldiers, than another group of people

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

catch (v)          to meet someone unexpectedly

industrialized (adj)        related to a country with modern technology and economy

uniform (adj)    consistent; the same

labor (adj)        related to work and organized workers

force (n)           a group of people organized for a certain purpose

participation (n)            the condition of doing, or taking part in an activity

heavily (adv)    to a large degree

tradition (n)      a custom or habit followed generation to generation

dictate (v)        to determine; to decide what happens

compatible (adj)           able to work well together with

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

fitness (n)         the state of good health or condition

maintain (v)      to keep in good condition

consider (v)      to think about; to ponder

achieve (v)       to successfully do; to accomplish

nutrition (n)      the process of providing vitamins and energy to the body

functional (adj) related to the use, or function, of something

longevity (n)     the length or duration of life

deficiency (n)   the lack of something needed

contraction (n)  the shortening and thickening of functioning muscles or muscle fibers

Chapter 2

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

have a minute (phrase) have some time to spare

tough (adj)       difficult

frankly (adj)     to be honest

familiar (adj)     often seen; having had experience with

format (n)         style; the layout

get hold of (v phrase)   to find

system (n)        a way of doing things

anxiety (n)        a state of nervousness or uneasiness

apprehensive (adj)       worried; fearful

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

logical (adj)      thought out correctly; following a correct way of thinking

peak (n)           the top of a mountain

survey (v)         to measure; to examine

range (n)          a group of mountains

coincidence (n) the occurrence of events together in an unusual way

plate (n)           a section or part of the earth’s crust that moves

specifically (adv)          referring to something in particular

frequent (adj)   happening regularly

altitude (n)        height; the distance above sea level

scale (v)           to climb

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

acoustic (adj)   producing sound

innovation (n)   something new

broader (adj)   wider

scale (n)           a range of notes in music

appearance (n) the time it came; the arrival of

canopy (n)       a covering; a cover held over something to protect it

shade (n)          an area protected or blocked from the sun

undergo (v)      to experience

accompaniment (n)       music played at the same time as a person sings or dances

melody (n)       the sequence of notes that form the core of a tune

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

cemetery (n)     a place where dead people are buried

discover (v)      to find

comparable (adj)         similar; equivalent

stressed (adj)   worried and tired over something; mentally tired

replicate (v)      to make a copy of

condition (n)     the state

research (v)      to look into some area of study

prudent (adj)    clever; wise

moisture (n)      wetness that can be felt; dampness

recognize (v)    to identify something or someone

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

disability (n)     something that results in a person's loss of ability

family ties (n phrase)    relationship to family

supportive (adj)           helpful to; assisting people when necessary

financial security (n phrase)      the state of having enough money

determine (v)    to decide; to establish

awareness (n)   knowing about something

encourage (v)   to inspire with hope; to give support

perseverance (n)          to keep going despite setbacks

coping strategy (phrase)           ability to deal with problems

subjective (adj)            based on a person’s personal thoughts

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

vice versa (adj)            in reverse

order (n)          a category of animals

suborder (n)     a smaller group of an order of animals

characteristic (n)          a trait; a feature

dorsal (adj)      relating to the back or upper part

beak (n)           a projecting mouth structure on a bird or other animals that is usually strong, sharp, and useful for hitting things

aquatic (adj)     relating to water

blowhole (n)     a hole in the dorsal side of a whale or dolphin

sleek (adj)        smooth

captivity (n)      the condition of being captured or imprisoned

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

deadline (n)      the time by which something must be finished

compose (v)     to think up and write

edit (v) to make changes or improvements to

revise (v)          to examine again in order to fix mistakes

punctuation (n) a system of marks used in text to show pauses, sentence breaks, etc.

structure (n)     the way in which things are organized

at this stage (adv phrase)          at this point; now

abbreviation (n)            a shortened form of a word

composition (n)            something that is written

proofread (v)   to read something in order to identify mistakes

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

psycholinguistics (n)     the study of how psychological factors influence the development and use of language

unique (adj)      being special; one of a kind

confused (adj)  uncertain, unsure; not having a full understanding

chat room (n)   a site on the Internet where people can communicate with each other

encounter (v)    to meet; to come across

excluded (adj)  not included; left out of

identity (n)        the awareness of who you are

stylistic (adj)     relating to different styles (i.e. literary, artistic)

status (n)          rank or position in relation to others

practitioner (n) a person who practices an art or profession

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

cooperation (n)            the act of helping or assisting

mouthful (n)      something difficult to say

democracy (n)  a system of government where the people govern themselves or elect people to govern them

free market economy (n)          an economy in which the buying and selling of goods and services may be carried on without restrictions as to price and valuation

scope (n)         a range

like-minded (adj phrase)          thinking in the same way

prosperous (adj)          wealthy and successful

poverty (n)       the condition of being poor

stability (n)       the state in which things do not change rapidly or unexpectedly

terrorism (n)     use of violence and threats to intimidate a government

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

catalog (n)        a list of items arranged in a systematic order

semester (n)     a term that lasts several months of the school year

bother (v)         to take the trouble

contemplate (v)            to think about; to consider

distance learning (n)     the process of studying through correspondence; studying through the Internet

convenient (adj)           useful; suited for one's needs

modem (n)       a device that sends information from one computer to another

gigabyte (n)      a measurement of computer storage space; 1,000,000,000 bytes

upgrade (v)      to change to a more advanced or higher level

You bet. (idiom)          Sure.; That's true.

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

natural (adj)     something that occurs normally in nature

alternative (n)   another possibility or choice

preparation (n) a medicine

side effect (n)   something which occurs as a result of some action done to cause a certain reaction

irritation (n)      something that bothers or causes pain

allergic (n)        the state or condition of having a (usually negative) reaction to food, medicine, etc.

reaction (n)      a response to something

evidence (n)     proof or information to support an idea or theory

inflammation (n)           a response to infection or disease which causes part of the body to swell or turn red

digestion (n)     the process whereby the body breaks down food so it can be processed

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

traditional (adj) something that is customary

element (n)       a part or feature of

complementary (adj)    working together

compete (v)     to contest; to battle

insight (n)         understanding

harmony (n)     the state of being in agreement; in a pleasing combination

rely on (v phrase)         to need

ideally (adv)     in the best possible circumstance

imbalance (n)   a lack of balance; an inequality

cover (v)          to discuss

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

quarterly (adj)  four times a year

annual (adj)      once a year

accumulate (v)  to gather; to save

affairs (n)         concerns; matters; things to be done

benefit from (v phrase) to gain from

obtain (v)         to get

involved (adj)   participating in

worthwhile (adj)           worth doing; worthy of one's effort or time

concept (n)      an idea; a notion

assistance (n)   aid; help

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

official (adj)      relating to an office or position of authority

briefly (adv)     for a short time

touch on (v)     to talk about without going into great detail

imprisonment (n)          the condition of being in prison

channel (n)       a long narrow cut, usually along which something can move

commoner (n)  the name given to a person of a lower class

grim (adj)         frightening; horrifying

execution (n)    the act of putting someone to death by law

condemned (adj)          sentenced; declared guilty and set for punishment

recap (v)          to quickly summarize

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

composer (n)   a person who writes music

gifted (adj)       excellent; skillful

spinet (n)          an instrument like a small harpsichord

realize (v)         to understand; to begin to know

formally (adv)   in a traditional or regulated way

talent (n)          skill; ability

evaluate (v)      to form an idea or judgement about the value of something

recognition (n)  the act of being identified or known

critic (n)           a person who reviews literature, music etc.

elite (n) the wealthy, powerful, or more important people in a society

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

nod (v) to move one’s head up and down in agreement

recall (v)          to remember

acronym (n)     "a word made from the first letters of other words, often used

to help remember"

memorize (v)    to learn and commit to memory

stand for (v phrase)      to represent; to mean

effortlessly (adv)          without effort; very easily

recollect (v)      to remember; to recall

partially (adv)   not completely or wholly

trouble (n)        a problem; a difficulty

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

hardship (n)      a difficulty or problem in life

face (v)            to meet; to deal with

plant (v)           to put seeds or young plants in the ground

campaign (n)    an organized series of actions to gain support for something

considerable (adj)        large

consume (v)     to eat; to use

canned (adj)     packaged in a can

processed (adj)            put through a series of steps, usually so that it can be kept for a longer time

absence of (phrase)      a lack of

shortage (n)      a lack of

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

fallacy (n)         a mistaken notion

reasoning (n)    the forming of a judgement

invalid (adj)      based on false ideas/logic/reasoning; faulty

unsound (adj)   not correct

essential (adj)   necessary

deductive (adj) involving a series of thoughts to form a conclusion

assumption (n)  a thought or idea that may not be factual or true

conclusion (n)   a final idea or decision that is reached

syllogism (n)     an argument that makes a conclusion from two independent statements

adequately (adv)          as much as necessary; sufficiently

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

oversee (v)       to supervise

elect (v)           to choose; to select

task (n)            a duty; a job

firm (adj)          strict

establish (v)      to decide

smoothly (adv) effectively; easily

efficiently (adv) effectively; successfully

crucial (adj)      important

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

composition (n)            what something is made of

consider (v)      to think about

vastness (n)      the size of

colossal (adj)   massive; huge

principle (adj)   main

mind boggling (adj phrase)       too difficult to imagine

satellite (n)       an object or man-made device that circles in space around another larger object

refute (v)          to deny

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

systematic (adj)            something done in an orderly, logical way

analyze (v)       to examine something closely

classify (v)        to name or define something; to place in a category

tentative (adj)   not finalized

phenomena (n) something that happens and can be perceived by the senses

throw out (v phrase)     to dismiss; to get rid of

bound (v)         to be controlled or limited by something

objectivity (n)   the ability to look at ideas or things without bias

urban (adj)       relating to a town or city

reject (v)          to refuse; to not accept

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

descend (v)      to come from

lineage (n)        ancestry

trace (v)           to follow

mutation (n)      a change in genes

proportion (n)  ratio

adaptation (n)   changing to suit the environment

incorporate (v) to combine with; to include

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

located (adj)    placed at; situated

normally (adv)  as per the usual custom

marine (adj)     related to the seas and oceans

extremely (adj) very

concentration (n)          the amount of a certain substance per volume in another substance

contrast (n)      the opposite of

elevation (n)     a distance above; a height

evaporate (v)   to change from liquid to gas

absorb (v)        to take in

unstable (adj)   not constant; able to change easily

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

aim (n) a goal; a purpose

opponent (n)    a person or team played against

professional (adj)         paid for an activity; high-level

whereas (adj)   in contrast; on the contrary

eject (v)           to send out or away

foul (n) an action against the rules

circumstance (n)           a condition; a situation

period (n)         an interval of time

declare (v)       to state; to say

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

diverse (adj)     characterized by many different features

complex (adj)   not simple; difficult to understand

stab (n)            an attempt; a try

blame (v)         to find fault with

component (n)  a part; a section

syllable (n)       a unit of speech made up of one complete sound

somewhat (adv)           to a small degree

tend (v)            to have a tendency; to probably do something or be a certain way

intense (adj)     very strong in feeling

precise (adj)     exact

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

delve (v)          to search deeply; to examine

range (n)          an amount of variation

aggression (n)   a sign of hostile or violent action

submission (n)  a sign of accepting the authority of another

gesture (n)        an expressive action

expose (v)        to show; to make visible

visual (adj)       related to the sense of sight

mimic (v)          to copy; to act in the same way as

abstract (adj)   not practical or concrete; difficult to understand

innate (adj)       possessed at birth; inborn

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

resource (n)     a thing that can be used

concept (n)      an idea; a plan

availability (n)   the degree to which something is ready to be used

value (n)           the cost or price of something

basics (n)         the important, core ideas

individual (adj) relating to one person or thing

income (n)        an amount of money earned

entire (adj)       all of; whole of

industry (n)       a specific branch of manufacture and trade

invest (v)          to spend money with the expectation of earning more money back

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

ancestor (n)      a forerunner or predecessor; a relative who lived long ago

volunteer (n)     a person who offers to work without pay

bet (v)  to believe strongly

trace (v)           to follow clues in order to discover something

stand for (v phrase)      to represent

via (prep)         by means of

collapse (v)      to fall apart

generation (n)   a group of people born and living at about the same time

tombstone (n)   a stone marker to show where a dead body has been buried

cemetery (n)     an area in which dead bodies are buried

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

endangered (adj)          in danger of being destroyed

species (n)       a type of animal group

inhabit (v)         to live in a place

abundant (adj)  plenty of

extinct (adj)      a species that has died out and no longer exists

habitat (n)        the part of the environment where a particular species lives

wild (n)            an area with little or no human settlement; a place untouched by humanity

punish (v)         to cause someone to suffer for an offense

preserve (v)     to save from harm; to keep safe

request (v)       to ask politely

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

revolution (n)    a war by people or citizens against the government or some other official body

freshmen (n)     students in their first year of university or high school

kid (v)  to joke

current (adj)     belonging to the present

randomly (adv) in a way lacking a system or order

fair (adj)           just; not dishonest

strict (adj)        demanding to be obeyed

refund (v)         to give back money that was paid

overcrowding (n)         having too many people

obviously (adv)            in a manner that is easily seen or understood

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

inventor (n)      a person who creates new things

eventually (adv)            in the end; after a period of time

concept (n)      an idea

gravity (n)        the force that holds all things on the Earth’s surface

calculus (n)       a branch of math

ponder (v)        to think about

working (n)      the operation or mode of operation of something

centrifugal (adj)            the force that exerts an outward pull on an object moving in a circular path

propel (v)         to push forward

in orbit (phrase)           moving around a central object

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

platelet (n)        small disc shaped part of a blood cell

hemoglobin (n) the oxygen carrying part of the red blood cell

distinctive (adj) easily recognised because of difference

infection (n)      something which gets into the body and causes a disease

crucial (adj)      something that is necessary

clot (v) to form or cause to form into a lump (semi-solid mass)

stack (n)          a pile

stitch (n)           a piece of thread used to close a cut

scab (n)           the dried blood that covers a wound

Skill E-5

Wordlist  �meth�        Meaning

catch (v)          to get in order to ride

bearer (n)         a person who brings or delivers something

on foot (adv phrase)     by walking

be up to (v phrase)       to depend on; to be the decision of

prompt (adj)    on time; punctual

complaint (n)    an expression of dissatisfaction

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

hardware (n)    the electronic and mechanical systems of a computer

beneficial (adj) good for

concentrate (v) to focus

justification (n)  a reason for

programmer (n)            a person who writes computer programs

code (n)           a set of symbols that represent numbers, letters etc.

instruct (v)        to tell; to order to do

function (n)       a procedure within a program; an action or operation

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

stereotype (n)   a common, often mistaken, opinion

credit (n)          recognition of work or courses completed towards a degree

likewise (adv)   similarly

enrollment (n)   the number of people signed up for a class

prompt (v)       to cause

statistics (n)      a set of numerical data

resolution (n)    a course of action determined or decided on

critical (adj)      very important

indicate (v)       to show; to state

appreciation (n)            a favorable, or positive, opinion

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

process (n)       a series of actions to create a result

essential (adj)   very important; necessary

release (v)        to let go

energy (n)        the ability to do work

membrane (n)   a very thin layer of moist skin

expel (v)          to push out; to force out

duct (n)            a tube or pipe

cycle (n)           a repeated sequence of events

vessel (n)         a tool for carrying materials, like a cup

tissue (n)          a layer of skin

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

immigrant (n)    a person who has left their country of birth to live in another country

similar (adj)      alike, but not identical

equipment (n)   a set of tools needed for an activity

sweat (v)          to excrete moisture through the skin

ceiling (n)         the upper inside surface of a room

silly (adj)          not serious; foolish

tip (n)   a piece of advice

palm (n)           the inner surface of the hand between the fingers and wrist

sling (v)            to throw in a whip-like manner

observe (v)      to watch others

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

influential (adj)  able to affect others

philosopher (n) a person who studies the meaning of knowledge and existence

revolutionary (adj)        related to new or very different ideas

authorities (n)   the people in charge of something

activist (n)        a person who works for a worthy cause

promote (v)      to urge the adoption of an idea

communist (n)  a person who believes the government should control all aspects of the economy

break out (v phrase)     to begin suddenly

exile (n)            the enforced or self-imposed removal of a person from his or her native land

exploit (v)        to take advantage of; to use for one’s own advantage

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

briefly (adv)     for a short time

devote (v)   �       to give all attention and energy towards a specific purpose

lengthy (adj)     long

spirituality (n)   the state of attending to religious or supernatural beliefs

exception (n)    a thing that does not follow the general rule

afterlife (n)       a life or existence believed to follow death

widespread (adj)          across a wide area; popular

fascination (n)   a strong interest in

governess (n)   a woman who is hired to care for young children

isolated (adj)    alone; far from other people

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

structure (n)     the arrangement of the parts of a whole

layer (n)           a single thickness of a material covering a surface

compose (v)     to make up the parts of

pole (n)            the end of an axis that passes through a sphere

typical (adj)      normal; standard

insulation (n)     material used to keep heat inside or outside of an area

bumpy (adj)     not smooth

negative (adj)   below zero

Celsius (n)        relating to a temperature scale that sets the freezing point of water at 0° and the boiling point at 100°

orbit (v)           to move in a circular path around an object

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

lab (adj)           related to a laboratory, a place in which experiments can be conducted

saucepan (n)    a small pot

actual (adj)       real; true

experiment (n)  a series of actions designed to test a theory

stick (v)           to put in

calorie (n)        a unit of energy

catch fire (v phrase)     to start burning

crack (v)          to break without completely separating the parts

advanced (adj) well-developed; not beginning

deterred (adj)   intimidated; discouraged

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

nowadays (adv)           these days; currently

niche (n)           the function or position of a plant or animal within an ecosystem

consequently (adv)       therefore; as a result

attach (v)         to fasten; to join

viable (adj)       able to function successfully; capable of success

excrement (n)   solid body waste; dung

wash away (v phrase)  to push out of an area with excessive amounts of water

instance (n)      an example

competitive (adj)          related to competition

edge (n)           an advantage

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

basis (n)           a starting point; an underlying theory

frustrated (adj) annoyed and impatient because one’s goal is not met

prophet (n)       a person who can predict future events

rebellious (adj) acting against the beliefs or habits of the majority

textile (n)          a piece of cloth or fabric

integrate (v)      to use in conjunction with another item or idea; to incorporate

relevant (adj)    important; of consequence; useful

incorporate (v) to use in conjunction with another item or idea; to integrate

household (adj)            related to something commonly found in a home

inclusive (adj)   relevant to many different people; not exclusive

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

obviously (adv)            easily seen or understood

specialize (v)    to study or become expert in one “special” area

piece together (v phrase)          to understand by connecting various clues or pieces of evidence

subfield (n)       a small or specialized area of study within a larger area of study

investigation (n)            a study; an experiment

contextual (adj)            related to the context, or situation surrounding an event

in depth (adv phrase)   thoroughly; in great detail

touch on (v phrase)      to mention briefly; to discuss briefly

Reading - Developing

Chapter1-SkillA 01

Wordlist           Meaning

divide (v):         to break a larger number into smaller ones

time (v):           to measure the amount of time it takes to do something

accurately (adv):          without error

information (n): the knowledge or message contained in what you read

practice (v):      to keep trying; to do something as a habit or custom

Chapter1-SkillA 02

Wordlist           Meaning

adequate (adj): enough for a purpose; sufficient to meet a need

circulate (v):     to move around, like blood moves through veins in a body

manner (n):       the way of doing something

recommend (v):            to advise; to tell something that someone should do

avoid (v):         to stay away from; to not do again

Chapter1-SkillA 03

Wordlist           Meaning

formal (adj):     conventional or official

bare (adj):        not covered by clothes; naked

knuckle (n):      the rounded joint connecting the fingers to the hand

opponent (n):   a person or team being fought or played against; a foe

compel (v):       to cause to act; to force an action or behavior

Chapter1-SkillA 04

Wordlist           Meaning

device (n):        a machine or tool designed for a particular purpose

manipulate (v):  to control or operate

analyze (v):       to study, often by breaking something into smaller parts

predict (v):       to guess about something before it happens

insight (n):        a special type of understanding or knowledge

Chapter1-SkillA 05

Wordlist           Meaning

climate (n):       "the average weather conditions in a region

over a particular period of time"

static (adj):       fixed; not moving or changing

flood (n):          "the condition when water from a river, lake,

or ocean spills onto land"

"natural resource

(n. phrase):"     something not man-made that people can use for living

environment (n):           the surrounding conditions, such as trees, sky, and water

Chapter1-SkillB 01

Wordlist           Meaning

"on the market

(adj. phrase):"  available to buy

demonstration (n):        a small exhibition showing how something works

"accustomed to

(adj. phrase):"  familiar with; used to; comfortable with

verify (v):         to check that it is true; to confirm

educate (v):      to teach; to give knowledge to

Chapter1-SkillB 02

Wordlist           Meaning

continent (n):    one of the seven largest areas of land on Earth

inhabitant (n):   a resident; a person who lives in a place

span (v):           to go across; to extend

percent (n):      a ratio expression per 100

language (n):     "a system of human speech and written words

that people use to communicate with each other"

Chapter1-SkillB 03

Wordlist           Meaning

academic (adj):            relating to a school or college

concentration (n):         "the act of concentrating or focusing attention

on something for long periods of time"

alertness (n):     "the condition of being alert; attentiveness;

the ability to respond quickly"

actively (adv):   showing or expressing action; engaged in activity

physically (adv):           involving the use of the body, rather than the mind

Chapter1-SkillB 04

Wordlist           Meaning

advantage (n):  a benefit; a reason why it would be good to do something

disadvantage (n):          a reason why it would be bad to do something

opportunity (n):            a chance

responsible (adj):         accountable; required to accept responsibility

contemplate (v):           to consider; to think about

Chapter1-SkillB 05

Wordlist           Meaning

spectacular (adj):         "very noticeable; sensational; something

that people want to watch"

discharge (n):   a pouring forth; an emission or ejection

expand (v):       to become larger or wider

contract (v):     to become smaller or narrower

instantly (adv):  right away; without a gap in time

Chapter1-SkillC 01

Wordlist           Meaning

install (v):         to set into position and connect for use

perform (v):      to do; to complete

design (v):        to make for a specific purpose; to plan

solve (v):          to answer; to figure out

set up (v. phrase):        "to complete; to put in the correct formation

and make ready for use"

Chapter1-SkillC 02

Wordlist           Meaning

violent (adj):     with great force

funnel (n):         "a cone-shaped utensil with a wide opening on top

and a narrow tube at the bottom"

enormous (adj):            very great in size, extent, number, or degree

damage (v):      to hurt or destroy

explode (v):      to fly apart violently; to blow up

Chapter1-SkillC 03

Wordlist           Meaning

commit (v):       to do; to perform; to carry out

appear (v):       to seem as if; to look like

behavior (n):     a set of actions

insane (adj):     mentally sick

prescribe (v):    to give by special order

Chapter1-SkillC 04

Wordlist           Meaning

polite (adj):      considerate; courteous; nice

specific (adj):   definite; explicit

request (v):       to ask for

state (v):           to say; to declare; to make known

focus (v):          to pay more attention to; to concentrate

Chapter1-SkillC 05

Wordlist           Meaning

image (n):         a picture

combine (v):     to put together

nephew (n):      a brother or sister’s son

assign (v):         to give

creative (adj):   marked by originality or imagination

Skill Review A-C 01

Wordlist           Meaning

remains (n):      a dead body or parts of a dead body

descend (v):     to come from

broader (adj):   wider

skull (n):           the bone in the head that protects the brain

domesticate (v):           to bring under human control; to train for use by humans

provide (v):      to give

"companionship

(n):"      friendship

juvenile (adj):   not fully grown; young; immature

protection (n):  the act or condition of keeping safe from harm

habitat (n):        the environment in which one lives

Skill Review A-C 02

Wordlist           Meaning

tourist (n):        a person who travels for the purpose of seeing new places

official (adj):     appointed and approved by those in authority

various (adj):    several; different

subtly (adv):     slightly; in a small way

factor (n):         a reason; a cause

unique (adj):     special; unlike others

inhabit (v):        to live in

moccasins (n):  soft shoes or slippers made of leather

acquire (v):       to get

contact (n):       exposure; familiarity

Chapter1-SkillD 01

Wordlist           Meaning

average (adj):   common; normal

"on a daily basis

(n. phrase):"     every day

arise (v):           to come up; to appear

distinguish (v):  to see or tell the difference between

reasonably (adv):         logically

Chapter1-SkillD 02

Wordlist           Meaning

explore (v):      to search or travel somewhere for the purpose of discovery

encounter (v):   to come into contact with; to find

conquer (v):     to defeat or subdue by force

economy (n):    a system of exchanging money for goods and services

democracy (n): the system of government by the people

Chapter1-SkillD 03

Wordlist           Meaning

conduct (v):      to do; to perform

procedure (n):  a way of doing something

observation (n):            a note or record about what happens during an experiment

comprehend (v):           to understand

solution (n):      an answer to a question or problem

Chapter1-SkillD 04

Wordlist           Meaning

knight (n):         a medieval soldier

shield (n):         "a broad piece of metal or wood used

as protection against weapons"

tag (n): a small badge used to identify something or someone

crest (n):          an emblem or symbol

Chapter1-SkillD 05

Wordlist           Meaning

integrated (adj):            joined together

professional (n):           an expert or person with a certain set of skills and knowledge

solid (adj):        firm; strong

breed (n):         a type or class

talented (adj):   skillful; very good

Chapter1-SkillE 01

Wordlist           Meaning

structure (n):     organization

script (n):         the written text of a play

terminology (n):            the vocabulary or technical words used for a certain subject

portrayal (n):    a representation; a description

single (adj):      one

Chapter1-SkillE 02

Wordlist           Meaning

overused (adj): used too often so that it’s lost its power

exaggerate (v): to increase or represent something beyond normal bounds

informal (adj):   casual; for use in a relaxed situation

situation (n):     a specific instance or state of affairs

reserve (v):       to keep aside; to hold out of use

Chapter1-SkillE 03

Wordlist           Meaning

expert (n):        "a person with a high degree of skill or knowledge

about a subject"

clay (n):    �
item (n):           a single unit in a group; a thing

decorative (adj):           for decoration; ornamental

place (v):          to put

Chapter1-SkillE 04

Wordlist           Meaning

develop (v):      to plan and build

recharge (v):     to restore energy to; to put energy back in

reliable (adj):    dependable; trustworthy

hybrid (n):        a combination of two different ideas or objects

marketable (adj):          able to be easily advertised or sold

Chapter1-SkillE 05

Wordlist           Meaning

bullet (n):          a projectile fired from a gun

traffic (n):         communication

outdated (adj): no longer useful; out of fashion

lax (adj):          lazy or careless

victim (n):         a person who is tricked or harmed

Chapter1-SkillF 01

Wordlist           Meaning

seek (v):           to look for

potential (adj):  capable of being, but not yet in existence

"chronological

(adj):"   ordered by time or occurrence; first to last or last to first

functional (adj):            related to function: designed for a particular function or use

select (v):         to choose

Chapter1-SkillF 02

Wordlist           Meaning

circular (adj):    having the shape of a circle; round

chorus (n):        a group of actors in Greek dramas who spoke at the same time

slope (v):          to have a surface that rises or falls at an angle

semi-circle (n): an incomplete circle; an arc of a circle

preserved (adj):           maintained; kept in the same condition from the past

Chapter1-SkillF 03

Wordlist           Meaning

investment (adj):           "related to putting money somewhere for a period of time

in order to get more money"

risk (n):            the possibility of suffering harm or loss

"mutual funds

(n. phrase):"     "investments in which people buy shares of

many different companies"

purchase (v):    to buy

profit (n):          an amount of extra money gained from an investment or sale

Chapter1-SkillF 04

Wordlist           Meaning

organize (v):     to arrange in a structured way

system (n):       an organized method or procedure

characteristic (n):          a distinctive trait or feature

division (n):      a part; a unit

contain (v):       to have inside; to hold

Chapter1-SkillF 05

Wordlist           Meaning

thrust (n):         the power pushing a rocket

flight (n):           the period of flying

pump (n):         a device used to move liquids through pipes

"build up

(v. phrase):"     to form; to collect

launch (v):        to propel with force; to send into space

Skill Review A-F 01

Wordlist           Meaning

blade (n):         a sharp, narrow piece of metal

reach (v):         to get to

calf (n): the lower muscle of the leg

snugly (adv):     tightly

heel (n):            the back part of the foot, under and behind the ankle

support (v):      to carry the weight of

severe (adj):     strong; harsh

discomfort (n):  pain

attach (v):         to join; to stick together

"hollow out

(v phrase):"      to clear out the inside part, leaving a cavity or space within

Skill Review A-F 02

Wordlist           Meaning

manned (adj):   with people

aim for (v phrase):        to seek or go after as a goal

pose (v):          to put forward; to present

dilemma (n):     "a situation that requires a choice

between two equally undesirable outcomes"

retrieval (n):      the process of getting something back

ill-fated (adj):   destined for misfortune; unlucky

tremendous (adj):         extremely large; enormous

feasible (adj):   capable of being effected, done, or put into practice

crux (n):           the critical point

justify (v):         "to defend an idea; to provide a reason

or justification for an action"

Chapter2-SkillA 01

Wordlist           Meaning

globalization (n):           growth to a global or worldwide scale

native (adj):      natural to; born in

introduce (v):    to present for the first time

staple (n):         a basic, essential part of a diet

explorer (n):     a person who travels to investigate new places

artichoke (n):    a plant with large heads of bluish flowers

report (n):        a story or broadcast

asparagus (n):   a plant with leaf-like stems and scale-like leaves

ship (v):            to send, especially by ship or boat

foreign (adj):    not native; of or from a place or country different from your own

Chapter2-SkillA 02

Wordlist           Meaning

presentation (n):           a report to explain something

convince (v):    to cause someone to believe something

finding (n):        a result; a conclusion

conference (n): a meeting to consult or discuss something

vice-versa (adv):          with the order or meaning reversed

"lean over

(v. phrase):"     to bend so that part is on top of or above

sensitive (adj):  able to register very slight differences or changes

"pick up

(v. phrase):"     to hear or perceive

awkward (adj):            clumsy; lacking grace or coordination

avoid (v):         to stay away from

Chapter2-SkillA 03

Wordlist           Meaning

surface (n):       top

substance (n):   a kind of material

marine (adj):     having to do with the sea

level (n):           amount

conducive (adj):           useful for

runoff (n):         water drained naturally from an area

local (adj):        of or belonging to a particular place

compound (v):  to add to; to make worse

"prey upon

(v phrase):"      to hunt; to kill

species (n):       a type; a kind

Chapter2-SkillB 01

Wordlist           Meaning

operate (v):      to perform in the correct way; to function; to run

financial (adj):   relating to finances (money)

direct (v):         to guide; to control

transfer (v):      to move from one place to another

"consist of

(v. phrase):"     to be made up of

core (n):           the center; the main part

interpreter (n):  "a person or machine that can explain the meaning of something

in a language you can understand"

specific (adj):�sefu�  particular; definite

translate (v):     to change something from one language into another

"word processing

(n. phrase):"     typing on the computer keyboard to create documents and texts

decoration (n):  an item that makes a room or building attractive or beautiful

Chapter2-SkillB 02

Wordlist           Meaning

valuable (adj):  of value or worth

spoil (v):           to become rotten or unable to be eaten

trader (n):         "a person who exchanges products

from their country for products from other countries"

discover (v):     to find something new

route (n):          path; road; way to go somewhere

tip (n):  the highest or lowest end of something

trade (n):          business

treat (v):           to act or behave toward

independent (adj):        able to take care of or govern oneself

"take over

(v. phrase):"     to take control of

Chapter2-SkillB 03

Wordlist           Meaning

term (n):           phrase

"Native American

(adj. phrase):"  "related to one of the groups of people living

in the Americas before European contact"

available (adj):  able or ready to be gotten or used

obvious (adj):   easily seen or understood; apparent

particular (adj): specific; distinct; separated from the rest

container (n):    something used to hold or keep things inside it

treat (v):           to specially prepare

robe (n):           a gown, often worn by kings and important people

"fall apart

(v. phrase):"     to separate into useless pieces; to break

preparation (n):            the act or process of preparing

Chapter2-SkillC 01

Wordlist           Meaning

diagnose (v):    to examine and find a problem

fatigue (n):        a feeling of tiredness or weariness

category (n):     a type; a kind

pathological (adj):        having to do with a disease or sickness

distribute (v):    to give out; to supply or deliver

"muscle tone

(n. phrase):"     the shape and quality of muscles

posture (n):      the position of our body and body parts

prescribe (v):    to order to take

combination (n):           a mixture or connection of two or more things

restore (v):       to return; to bring something back to a former condition

Chapter2-SkillC 02

Wordlist           Meaning

located (adj):    living in; situated in

plain (n):           a large flat area of land, usually hot and dry

prairie (n):        a large area of flat or rolling grassland

storage (n):       a place to store or keep things

trace (v):          to follow the development of something

composition (n):           the ingredients and proportions that make up something

last (v): to remain; to keep

archaeologist (n):          "a scientist who finds and studies materials

from past human cultures"

culture (n):        "a civilization; a group of people

with common language, art, food, and customs"

determine (v):   to find out; to know with certainty

Chapter2-SkillC 03

Wordlist           Meaning

consider (v):     to recognize; to acknowledge

flat (adj):          horizontal; without a slope, tilt, or curve

foul (adj):         not fair; out of bounds

strikeout (n):     "a term indicating that a batter has gotten three strikes

and thus made an out"

inning (n):         "a division of a baseball game in which

each team has a turn at bat"

pitch (v):          to throw to the batter

furthermore (adv):        in addition

recorded (adj): on record; official

rival (n):           an opponent; a competitor

spread (n):       growth; wide distribution

Skill Review A-C 01

Wordlist           Meaning

"body language

(n. phrase):"     "signals sent by a person’s body posture, gestures,

and facial expressions"

vital (adj):         essential

estimate (v):     to guess; to calculate

non-verbal (adj):          without talking

respond (v):     to answer or reply

facial (adj):       having to do with the face

expression (n):  a look that shows how we feel

tone (n):           the manner of expression; mood (serious, humorous, etc.)

serious (adj):    important; formal

deliver (v):        to give

slouch (v):        to stoop or slump

signal (v):         to show; to send a message to

advice (n):        a suggestion; a helpful idea offered to another

podium (n):      the small table or platform a speaker usually stands behind

clasp (v):          to hold, usually with fingers interlaced

challenge (v):    to call to argue; to fight or compete

rehearse (v):     to practice for a public performance

Skill Review A-C 02

Wordlist           Meaning

ingredient (n):   an element, or part, in mixtures and compounds

mineral (n):       a natural, inorganic (non-living) substance

fiber (n):           the part of plants that we eat but cannot be digested

supply (v):        to give

protein (n):       a substance that is essential for growth and repair of body tissue

balance (v):      to keep an equal proportion of

digest (v):         to convert into energy that the body can use

absorb (v):       to take in something, usually through small holes

waste (n):         something that is unnecessary, not useful; garbage

cereal (n):         a food prepared from grains such as wheat, oats, and corn

legume (n):       "a pod, such as from a pea or bean, that splits in two

when mature"

raw (adj):         not cooked

peeled (adj):     with the outer skin or covering removed

dietician (n):     a person who studies food and nutrition

serving (n):       an amount of food suggested for one person

Chapter2-SkillD 01

Wordlist           Meaning

pronounce (v):  to say a word in a certain way

tribe (n):           a group of people who live together

descendant (n): a person who comes from certain ancestors

acquire (v):       to obtain by buying or taking

lifestyle (n):       a way of living

colonize (v):     "to make a colony of;

to put under the government of another country"

activist (n):       a person who tries to change existing laws or conditions

heritage (n):      tradition; history

improve (v):     to make better

"standard of living

(n. phrase):"     a measure for the quality of life

Chapter2-SkillD 02

Wordlist           Meaning

engage (v):       to involve; to enter into

accommodate (v):        to address; to deal with

range (n):         an amount of difference or variation
meet (v):          to reach a goal; to provide something needed

tool (n):            an item used to work or help perform work

display (v):       to show

graphic (n):       a visual representation

located (adj):    situated

instant (adj):     immediate

feedback (n):    a response

capital (n):        the city where a government is located

correct (adj):    right; proper; accurate

numerous (adj):            large in number; very many

based (adj):      forming a foundation on which to build

Chapter2-SkillD 03

Wordlist           Meaning

graduate (v):     to fulfill all the requirements and earn a diploma

go on (v. phrase):         to continue

major (n):         a main subject of study

"figure out

(v. phrase):"     to decide

charge (v):        to ask/get someone to pay for something

loan (n):           money borrowed, usually from a bank

provide (v):      to give or show

evidence (n):    the data on which a conclusion or theory can be established

calculate (v):     to compute mathematically

approve (v):     to give approval; to sanction

tuition (n):         money charged to attend a school

job (n): an occupation; paid work

earn (v):           to receive through work

campus (n):      the grounds (land and buildings) of a school

part-time (adj): occasional; less than 30 hours a week

Chapter2-SkillE 01

Wordlist           Meaning

existence (n):    being

"approximately

(adj):"   close, but not exactly; about

"be made up of

(v. phrase):"     to consist of

quart (n):          a liquid measure used in America; 1 quart = 0.94635 liters

oxygen (n):       an element of the atmosphere that is essential for breathing

absorb (v):       to take in; to suck up

joint (n):           the place where two bones meet in a body

elasticity (n):     being able to stretch and return to a former state

temperature (n):           the measure of heat

recommend (v):            to advise; to suggest as beneficial

ounce (n):         28 grams

liquid (n):          "neither solid nor gas; a state of matter

that can flow and be poured; fluid"

"soft drink

(n. phrase):"     "a sweetened, non-alcoholic, carbonated beverage,

such as cola"

fluid (n):           "neither solid nor gas; a state of matter

that can flow and be poured; liquid"

dehydration (n):            the condition of having too little water

urine (n):          bodily waste excreted as a fluid

Chapter2-SkillE 02

Wordlist           Meaning

hemisphere (n): a half of the Earth, divided either north-south or east-west

directly (adv):   in a straight line

solstice (n):       "a particular day during the year, either having

the most hours of daylight or the least hours of daylight"

overhead (adv):            located or functioning from above

energy (n):        usable heat or power

explain (v):       to make understandable

normally (adv): usually; typically

tilt (v):  to change the angle of

gain (v):            to get or receive

rate (n):            a measure of a part with respect to a whole; proportion

decrease (v):    to become less or smaller

pass (v):           to finish; to go by

lag (n):  the period of time between cause and effect

noon (n):          midday; 12 p.m.

"build up

(v. phrase):"     to amass or increase; to accumulate

Chapter2-SkillE 03

Wordlist           Meaning

bronze (n):       "a type of metal alloy, consisting mostly of copper and tin,

from which weapons, chariots, doors

and many other things were made"

figure (n):         a well-known person

mainland (n):    the part of a country that is not an island

prosper (v):      to succeed as a culture; to flourish

invasion (n):      an entrance by force, as with an army

city-state (n):    "sovereign state consisting of an independent city

and its surrounding territory"

settlement (n):   a town or village where people live

influence (v):     to affect; to change or modify

empire (n):       "a political unit that controls extensive territory,

often several nations, and is ruled by one supreme authority"

destruction (n): damage

advance (n):     a gain; an improvement

civilization (n):  the culture developed by a particular society

philosopher (n):            "a person who studies philosophy (the meaning of life

and other difficult questions"

Chapter2-SkillF01

Wordlist           Meaning

boost (v):         to increase quickly

snack (n):         a food eaten between meals

beverage (n):    a drink

caffeine (n):      a chemical found in coffee, tea, and cola

research (n):     studies and findings on a topic

"result in

(v. phrase):"     end up with

"candy bar

(n. phrase):"     a square- or rectangular-shaped piece of candy, such as chocolate

nutritional (adj):            relating to nutrition

value (n):          worth

full (adj):          satisfied

consumer (n):   a person who eats, drinks, or buys something

initial (adj):       at first

fatigued (adj):   tired; low on energy

excessive (adj):            too much

interfere (v):     to block the progress of; to impede; to hinder

Chapter2-SkillF02

Wordlist           Meaning

theory (n):        an idea derived from specific occurrences

particle (n):       a very small piece or part

form (v):           to make; to create

substance (n):   a thing that has mass and occupies space

compose (v):    to make

atom (n):          "the smallest unit of an element

that has all the characteristics of that element"

composition (n):           the makeup; the ingredients or parts within a substance

distinction (n):   a separation; a noticeable difference

molecule (n):    "the smallest particle into which an element

or compound can be divided without changing its"

reaction (n):      "the process of change when two

or more substances come in contact"

hydrogen (n):    a colorless, odorless gas

still (adj):          without movement

space (n):         a gap; some area of room

rearrange (v):   to order differently; to put in different shapes or patterns

Chapter2-SkillF03

Wordlist           Meaning

father (n):         an inventor of a new idea or device

principle (n):     a basic law or rule

compute (v):     to determine by mathematics

algebraic (adj): having to do with algebra

expression (n):  a symbolic mathematical form, such as x + y

calculation (n):  something determined by computation

achieve (v):      to fulfill; to accomplish

analytical (adj): having to do with analyzing

"general purpose

(adj. phrase):"  useful for many kinds of things; not one specific kind

mechanism (n): a system of parts that operates or interacts, like a machine

"punch cards

(n. phrase):"     "cards punched with holes or notches to represent data

for a computer"

"referred to as

(adj. phrase):"  called

figures (n):        numbers

census (n):        a count of people

similar (adj):     like; almost the same as

tabulate (v):      to condense and list

automated (adj):           working by automation, without a person

bureau (n):       a government department

Skill Review A-F 01

Wordlist           Meaning

media (n):         the communications industry or profession

expertise (n):    expert skill or knowledge

interactive (adj):           "related to two-way communication between the computer

and its user"

contract (v):     to sign a contract or make an agreement with

evolve (v):        to change over time

career (n):        a long-term job or type of occupation

"open up

(v. phrase):"     to make available

qualification (n):            a quality or ability that makes a person suitable for something

in-depth (adj):  thorough; complete

application (n): a program designed for a specific task

encompass (v): to include

telephony (n):   the transmission of sound between distant stations

stream (v):        to flow steadily, like a stream of water

multimedia (adj):          using several different forms of media at the same time

downsize (v):    to become smaller

outsource (v):   to assign work to people outside your company

freelance (adj): working for several companies at the same time

Skill Review A-F 02

Wordlist           Meaning

version (n):       a form or variation of an original type

site (n): a place; a location

situate (v):        to locate; to place

rental (adj):      having to do with rent

complaint (n):   "an expression of dissatisfaction, resentment, or pain;

a grievance"

council (n):       "an assembly of people called together

for deliberation or discussion"

petition (n):       a formal or solemn written request

"take apart

(v. phrase):"     to deconstruct; to tear down

company (n):    a troupe of dramatic or musical performers

endeavor (n):    effort; a project

split (v):            to divide

cannon (n):       "a large mounted weapon, such as a gun,

that fires heavy projectiles"

Puritans (n):      "members of a religious group who thought

that pleasure was sinful"

court (n):          a place where people discuss a legal case

yard (n):           an open area on the lower level of a theater

Practice Test (The United Nations)

Wordlist           Meaning

goal (n):           an aim; a purpose

promote (v):     to encourage

justice (n):        the quality of fairness; a principle of moral rightness

secure (adj):     safe

enforce (v):      to make people follow a rule or punish those who break it

global (adj):      related to the world as a whole; affecting everyone

policy (n):         an official plan or course of action

assembly (n):    a group of people gathered together for a common reason

vote (n):           "the right to have one’s opinion counted equally

among others’ opinions when deciding upon some matter"

resolve (v):       to make a firm decision about

council (n):       "a body of people elected or appointed to serve as advisors

or decision makers"

permanent (adj):           unchanging

elected (adj):    given a position from a vote; chosen by the majority of voters

monitor (v):      to watch closely

representative (n):        "a person who represents the interests of others

in an assembly or meeting"

Practice Test (Food Chains)

Wordlist           Meaning

relate (v):         to connect

concept (n):      an idea; a theory

linked (adj):      joined; connected

protein (n):       "a substance made up of complex organic molecules

and are fundamental components of all living cells"

plow up (v phrase):      "to turn over the soil with a machine for the purpose of

planting seeds"

besides (adv):   other than

"oversimplification

(n):"      a model that is too simple to be useful

pesticide (n):    a chemical used to kill insects

harm (v):          to hurt; to damage

absorb (v):       to take in

concentration (n):         the ratio of one substance within another

population (n):  the number of individuals living in an area

rebound (v):     to spring back; to recover

Practice Test (Clearing Land for Farms)

Wordlist           Meaning

vast (adj):         big; large

progress (n):     development

statistics (n):     numbers which show facts

filter (n):           "something that allows certain things to pass through it,

but prevents others"

potential (adj):  possible

crisis (n):          a big problem

fertilize (v):       to improve the quality of soil by putting nutrients into

abandon (v):     to leave behind

resource (n):     goods and materials that people use for work or gain

claim (v):          to say

poverty (n):      the condition of being poor

Developing - Speaking

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

frazzled (adj):   exhausted physically and emotionally

approach (n):   a method used to complete a task

restore (v):       to return or repair to an earlier condition

unwind (v):       to relax

diminish (v):      to lessen; to decrease

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice2

Wordlist      �s to�    Meaning

achieve (v):      to successfully do; to accomplish

uphold (v):       to maintain, even in times of hardship or opposition

elated (adj):      filled with joy

persistence (n): a fixed will or desire not to give up

perseverance (n):         "a determination to stay

with some course of action or some decision"

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

adolescence (n):           the time of childhood starting from when puberty begins

puberty (n):      "the stage of growth when children develop the ability

to reproduce"

perceive (v):     to understand

apprehensive (adj):       anxious; uneasy

figure (v):         to think; to assume

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

frugal (adj):      careful with money

enriching (adj): making better or more interesting

"golden years

(n phrase):"      the time of life after retirement; the best years of one's life

retirement (n):   a time in life after one stops working

twilight (n):       a period of decline after a time of growth or success

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

sibling (n):        a brother or sister

spouse (n):       a husband or wife

appreciate (v):  to recognize the importance of

gather (v):        to come together

elderly (adj):     old

Chapter1-SkillA Question2 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

pamper (v):      to give special treatment; to make very comfortable

discretion (n):   the ability or power to decide

rejuvenating (adj):        "making one feel more energetic and fresh;

freeing one from stress and fatigue"

exhilarating (adj):          causing one to feel happy and energetic

vista (n):           a scenic view of distant places

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

session (n):       "a period of time devoted to a meeting

or some specific activity"

qualified (adj):  having the proper training and skills

direction (n):     the contents and actions

guidance (n):    the act or process of giving advice and assistance

composition (n):           a piece of writing

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"put together

(v phrase):"      to create; to make

schedule (n):     a plan of events and the times at which they will happen

appointment (n):           an agreement to meet someone at a specific time

"turn away

(v prase):"        to not accept; to make go away

book (v):          to schedule; to make an appointment

"in advance

(prep phrase):" before an event

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

drop (v):          to officially cancel registration

identification (n):           "a piece of information that proves the name

and age of a person"

registration (n): the process of officially becoming part of a class or group

step-by-step (adj):       giving information about each step in a process

record (n):        a piece of written information

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"slow down

(v phrase):"      to move or speak more slowly

dead (adj):       in big trouble; in a difficult situation

registrar (n):     "an official at a university who keeps records of enrollment

and academic standing"

nasty (adj):       not kind; impolite

convenient (adj):          easily used or accessed

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

pleased (adj):   happy

exchange (v):    to trade one item or service for another

origin (n):         a starting place; the place where someone was born

native (adj):      by birth or origin

indicate (v):      to state; to present information

Chapter1-SkillB Question3 Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"match up

(v phrase):"      to connect two people or things

introduce (v):    "to present a person to another in order to

establish an acquaintance"

"have a point

(v phrase):"      to hold a valid opinion; to make a valid observation

cautious (adj):  very careful

"give (something)

a shot (v phrase):"        to try (something)

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

means (n):        a way of achieving

randomly (adv):            without a predictable order

favorable (adj): in a condition that supports or helps

essential (adj):  necessary; required

capacity (n):     an ability to do or contain

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"prior to

(prep phrase):" before

soot (n):           the dark-colored ash that is a by-product of burning

lichen (n):         "a plant-like organism that grows on the surfaces of

trees and rocks"

variation (n):     a particular type among a group of similar types

conversely (adv):          in contrast

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

suitable (adj):   usable; appropriate

element (n):      a basic chemical part

habitat (n):        an ecosystem; an area in which something can live

plentiful (adj):   abundant; many

hospitable (adj):           welcoming; comfortable

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

universe (n):     the area in which all things exist

obvious (adj):   easily seen and understood; apparent

atmosphere (n):            a layer of gases above the surface of a planet or satellite

trap (v):            to prevent from moving

tropical (adj):   related to the areas around the Earth’s equator

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

unsolicited (adj):           not requested; uninvited

legitimate (adj): real; acceptable; legal

ban (v):            to forbid; to prevent

invasion (n):      an act of intrusion into an area

fraudulent (adj):            not real or legal

Chapter1-SkillB Question4 Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

manufacture (v):           to make; to produce

delete (v):         to erase data from a computer

odds (n):          chances

entice (v):         to attract through some desire; to lure

legitimate (adj): real; genuine

"make a bundle

(v phrase):"      to earn a large amount of money

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

final (n):            a semester-end exam

decision (n):     a choice about something

consider (v):     to think about

option (n):        a possible choice

graduate (v):     to complete the requirements for a level of schooling

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

"figure out

(v phrase):"      to learn; to try to understand

enrollment (n):  "the process of officially becoming a member of

a class or school"

procedure (n):  a series of steps toward a goal

penalty (n):       a punishment for doing something wrong

deadline (n):     a date after which a certain action is too late

Chapter1-SkillC Question5 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

mull over (v):    to think carefully about; to consider

sponsor (v):      to vouch for; to promise to help

go for it (v phrase):       to take a chance and do something

negative (adj):  harmful; not positive

advice (n):        a suggestion

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

inhabit (v):        to live in

initial (adj):       occurring at the beginning; preliminary

reveal (v):         to show

physiology (n):  the study of the physical body of an organism

concentration (n):         the level of one material per unit of another

copious (adj):   very large

prolonged (adj):           very long

bear (v):           to have; to give birth to

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

contain (v):       to hold inside

caffeine (n):      a chemical stimulant found in many drinks

consume (v):    to eat, drink, or use

brew (v):          to prepare by adding hot water to leaves or beans

realize (v):        to understand; to be aware of

decaffeinated (adj):      with a reduced amount of caffeine

vary (v):           to change; to alter

brand (n):         a company name

ounce (n):         a measurement of volume, 1 ounce = 30 ml

typical (adj):     common; normal; standard

Chapter1-SkillC Question6 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

term (n):           a word or phrase

potential (adj):  possible; likely to be true in the future

miner (n):         "a person who works underground to find

and collect valuable minerals"

rely on (v phrase):        to need; to depend on

composition (n):           the make up; the ingredients or parts within a whole

withstand (v):   to survive

pocket (n):       an area of high concentration of one gas

disturbing (adj):            causing worry or concern

pollutant (n):     a material that harms the environment

deformed (adj):            not properly shaped or made

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

local (adj):        from the area or nearby

track (n):          a place or lane on which races take place

bet (v): "to wager; to promise something in connection to

an unknown outcome of some event"

"be happy with

(v phrase):"      to feel good about; to feel positive toward

influence (n):     a factor that affects something

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

"be faced with

(v phrase):"      to have a potential problem; to have an impending difficulty

assignment (n): a piece of homework

due to (prep):   because of

"come up with

(v phrase):"      to make; to create an idea, thought or plan

solution (n):      a way to solve a problem

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

benefit (v):        to cause a positive effect

conservative (adj):        liking routine; afraid of change

"archaeological

(adj):"   related to the study of the human past

dig (n): "an excavation; an organized effort to remove artifacts

from the ground"

"a great deal

(adv phrase):"   very much; a lot

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice4

Wordlist           Meaning

party (v):          to celebrate; to listen to music, dance, and drink alcohol

headache (n):   a pain in the head

force (v):          "to make someone do something they do not want to do,

usually through use of power"

messy (adj):     not well organized; dirty

"needless to say

(adv phrase):"   obviously

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

tax (n): "money charged that goes to the government

to pay for the running of a country"

"post-secondary

(adj):"   after secondary school (high school)

lab (n): a place for practice, observation, or experimentation

update (v):       "to change old information or technology to modern

or current information or technology"

journal (n):       a regularly published collection of academic articles

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

charity (n):        an organization that takes donations and helps poor people

fortunate (adj): lucky; well off

ignore (v):        to not pay attention to; to not act on

inclined (adj):   likely; having a tendency

"in need

(prep phrase):" in a difficult situation, like being poor or sick

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice3

Wordlist           Meaning

value (n):          a principle, belief, or quality considered worthwhile

tradition (n):     an action or belief practiced from long ago

function (n):      an application; a use

interact (v):       to affect, or act on one another

preserve (v):     to keep intact; to save; to maintain

Chapter2-SkillA Question2 Practice4

Wordlist           Meaning

modern (adj):   current; up to date; not old-fashioned

attractive (adj): appealing; beautiful

character (n):    interesting traits

store (v):          to keep for later use

offer (v):           to provide; to make available

Chapter2-SkillB Question3 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

contract (n):     a written, legal agreement

negotiation (n): a discussion intended to produce an agreement

grant (v):          to allow; to give permission; to award

exclusive (adj): available only to a specific person, company, group, etc.

ensure (v):        to guarantee; to make certain

"be all for

(v phrase):"      to support completely; to be in favor of

issue (n):          a topic of disagreement

alternative (n):  another option; another choice

consult (v):       to ask for advice or information of

sign (v):            "to write one's name on a document in order to make

that document official"

Chapter2-SkillB Question3 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

regret (n):         "a feeling of disappointment or distress about something

that one wishes had not been done"

hazing (n):        "a process of initiation in which the person being initiated

undergoes difficult and humiliating acts"

promote (v):     to encourage

"live up to

(v phrase):"      to meet a certain level or standard; to reach

stern (adj):       firm; harsh; severe

punish (v):        to inflict a penalty for breaking a rule

entire (adj):      all; the whole

"student body

(n phrase):"      all the students of a university or college taken as a whole

aspect (n):        a part; a feature; a characteristic

discipline (n):    the ability to continue at a difficult task

expel (v):          "to send out; to forbid a student from continuing

to attend a school"

Chapter2-SkillB Question4 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

dominant (adj): most prominent or powerful

radical (adj):     extreme; very different

departure (n):   a movement away from; a change

innovative (adj):           new and original

utilize (v):         to use

geometric (adj):            "related to simple shapes such as circles and squares

in design and decoration"

era (n): a period of time with specific characteristics

peculiar (adj):   strange; unique

central (adj):     main; basic

case (n):           a situation; a circumstance

consciousness (n):        the state of being aware

surreal (adj):     having an odd, dreamlike quality

Chapter2-SkillB Question4 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

field (n):           an area of study

botany (n):       the study of plants

climatology (n): the study of weather

"cross section

(n phrase):"      "a piece cut across the width of an object

in order to see the inside"

chronology (n): a sequence in order of time

date (v):           to find the age of

apply to (v phrase):      to be relevant to; to be useful for

distinct (adj):    easily distinguished from others; unique

site (n): a location; a place of a specific activity

section (n):       a part; an area

thus (adv):        therefore; consequently

Chapter2-SkillC Question5 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

all set (adj phrase):       ready; prepared

funeral (n):        a ceremony to mark a person’s death

attend (v):        to go to

"move away

(v phrase):"      to leave the area where one presently lives

deferral (n):      a delay in a scheduled event

certificate (n):   an official document

verify (v):         to prove the truth of

rigid (adj):        strict; unbending

Chapter2-SkillC Question5 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

booth (n):         a small movable shop for the display and sale of goods

set up (v phrase):         to create; to put together

annoy (v):         to bother; to make uncomfortable

"make up one’s

mind (v phrase):"          to decide

instinct (n):       a feeling or opinion arrived at without careful consideration

rack up (v phrase):       to accumulate

debt (n):           something owed to another

"commit suicide

(v phrase):"      to kill oneself

heavy (adj):      very serious; emotionally important

land (v):           to get

interest (n):       "a charge for a loan,

usually a percentage of the amount loaned"

Chapter2-SkillC Question6 Practice1

Wordlist           Meaning

endure (v):       to withstand; to remain strong in a difficult situation

campaign (n):   a series of operations pursued to accomplish a purpose

strategy (n):      a plan to achieve a goal

motivate (v):     "to inspire to action; to make someone

or a group want to do something"

encourage (v):  to support an action or choice

give up (v phrase):        to surrender; to stop resisting

circumstance (n):          a situation

inspiration (n):  a thing that motivates, or inspires

ally (n): "a friend; a person or group

that helps achieve a common goal"

eloquent (adj):  persuasive in speech; moving or expressive

Chapter2-SkillC Question6 Practice2

Wordlist           Meaning

fossil (n):          a remnant of a dead organism preserved in rock

extinct (adj):     no longer in existence; all dead

impressive (adj):           making a strong or vivid effect

range (v):         to live or grow within a particular region

feed on (v phrase):       to eat

moist (adj):       slightly wet; damp

fascinating (adj):           very interesting

organ (n):         a part of an animal that has a particular function

Developing - Writing

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

extract (v):       to pull out of; to take out of

refine (v):         to make pure

condemn (v):    to declare something to be wrong

impact (n):        an effect; an influence

emission (n):     something that is sent out

alternative (n):  a different choice or option

abundant (adj): plentiful; more than enough

reserve (n):       an amount or supply remaining

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

prehistoric (adj):           relating to the period before historical records

decay (v):         to rot; to fall apart

irreparable (adj):          unable to be restored or put back to normal

risky (adj):       dangerous; possibly leading to a negative outcome

fume (n):          a cloud of small particles in a gas

retain (v):         to keep; to prevent from escaping

untold (adj):     too severe to be described

mobility (n):      the ability to move

starvation (n):   "the condition of being without food

or nutrition to the point of death"

locate (v):         to find; to discover

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

paleontologist (n):         a scientist who studies fossils to learn about past life

debate (v):       to discuss formally; to talk about issues

evolve (v):        to develop into a more complex organism

impression (n):  an uncertain idea

ground (n):       a reason; a possible proof

deduce (v):       to reach a conclusion; to infer

"in motion

(adj phrase):"   moving

regulate (v):      to control or adjust

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

uncover (v):      to find; to discover

reconstruct (adj):          to remake something from a description or idea of it

endotherm (n):  "a warm-blooded animal;

an animal whose body generates heat"

ectotherm (n):   "a cold-blooded animal;

an animal whose body collects heat from the environment"

evidence (n):    proof of something; information that supports an idea

speculate (v):    "to consider the circumstances

or possibilities regarding something"

structure (n):     the way in which parts of a thing are arranged

climate (n):       a region with specific weather patterns

distribution (n): the process of how something is sent out or passed around

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

deliberate (v):   to think about something carefully

ban (v):            to stop; to prevent; to make illegal

accessible (adj):           able to be reached easily

contend (v):      to argue that; say that

nutrition (n):      "the process and study of how living things get

necessary vitamins and energy"

cite (v): to refer to; to claim as an example

obesity (n):       the condition of being overweight

plausible (adj):  reasonable; logical

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

pose (v):          to put forward; to present

abuse (adj):      to use wrongly

privilege (n):     a right or benefit granted to someone

proponent (n):  a supporter of

board (n):         a group of people given a particular responsibility

representative (n):        a person who acts on behalf of another

volunteer (v):    to offer work or service without receiving payment

"conscientious

(adj):"   careful; attentive and thoughtful

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

pro (n): a positive or beneficial point

con (n):            a negative or harmful point

insist (v):          to state; to maintain

outweigh (v):    to be greater than

value (n):          a principle; a way of thinking or acting believed correct

strategy (n):      a plan; a process

wholesome (adj):         beneficial, good for

monitor (v):      to check; to watch

Chapter1-SkillA Question1 Practice4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

contrasting (adj):          differing

assigned (adj):  something given

compelling (adj):          well supported; forceful; persuasive

frequently (adv):           very often

behavioral (adj):           related to a way of acting, or behaving

exposure (n):    the state of being shown or witnessing something

disorder (n):     a sickness of the mind or body

put on (v phrase):         to accumulate; to gain

"on topic

(prep phrase):" "away from distractions and diversions;

towards the main idea"

inverse (adj):    reversed; in opposite order or proportion

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

struggle (v):      to fight; to resist

contradictory (adj):      conflicting; opposed

minimal (adj):   very small; the smallest amount necessary

intake (n):         the amount of a thing that is taken in

dietician (n):     a person who studies the science of nutrition

metabolic (adj):            relating to the chemical processes in the body

toned (adj):      firm; slightly muscular

staple (adj):      principle; main

deprived (adj): "having had something taken from away;

not allowed access to"

contest (v):       to argue against; to show contradictory information

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice1 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

convert (v):      to change one thing to another

combat (v):      to fight

surge (n):          a sudden increase

induce (v):        to make happen

drastically (adv):           extremely

craving (n):       a longing for something; a strong desire for something

vicious (adj):    strongly negative or harmful

essential (adj):  necessary; very important

component (n): a part

complement (v):           to make complete; to make harmonious

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

seek (v):           to search for; to look for

discourage (v): to advise someone not to do something

countless (adj): very high; too high to count

link (v): to connect; to join

defect (n):        a fault; a problem

unborn (adj):    conceived, but not yet born

expecting (adj):            pregnant

revenue (n):      money that comes to a person or organization

generate (v):     to create

motivation (n):  an incentive; a reason for an action

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice2 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

addict (n):        a person who has a constant need for a particular thing

stigma (n):        a social disgrace or shame

coronary (n):    a heart attack

drain (v):          to take away from

via (prep):        by way of

"come up with

(v phrase):"      to create; to find

rationalization (n):         a logically thought out argument

overtake (v):    to surpass; to go further or higher

disparity (n):     a great or fundamental difference

hypocritical (adj):         acting in the opposite way to how one thinks

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

fluoride (n):      a chemical used for helping to protect teeth

decay (n):         the condition of rot

bear (v):           to have something visible to others

prevent (v):      to stop from happening

bond (v):          to join with; to attach to

section (n):       a part; an area

cavity (n):         a hole in a tooth

insignificant (adj):         very small; not important

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

controversy (n):            a disagreement or dispute

arise (v):           to come up; to occur

efficacious (adj):           able to produce a desired result; effective

toxic (adj):       poisonous

artificial (adj):   not real; made by humans

lawsuit (n):       a legal action seeking money from an offender

radius (n):         a circular area within a given distance from the center point

ostensibly (adv):           to outward appearance

pile up (v phrase):        to increase; to accumulate

defect (n):        a problem; a flaw

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

variety (n):        a type; a kind

illegal (adj):      not acceptable by law; against the law

significant (adj):            important

hazardous (adj):           dangerous

"make up

(noun phrase):" what something is made of; the constituent parts of

psychoactive (adj):       drug like

eliminate (v):     to get rid of

"regarded as

(v phrase):"      thought of as

Chapter1-SkillB Question1 Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

shape (v):         to form; to make like

data (n):           information

distinction (n):   a noticeable difference

multitude (n):    a great number

application (n): a use for something

emphasize (v):  to place special importance on

capitalize (v):    to take advantage of; to use for profit

modification (n):           a change; an alteration

pertinent (adj):  relevant

distinguish (v):  to separate from; to notice the difference

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

elation (n):        a feeling or state of excitement

gratifying (adj): pleasing; fulfilling

advantage (n):  a benefit

inadvertently (adv):       by accident

"by and large

(adv phrase):"   usually; generally

exhilarating (adj):          exciting

preferable (adj):           better; more desirable

assuredly (adv):            certainly

"in person

(adv phrase):"   to be physically present somewhere

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice1 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

exceptional (adj):         excellent; of high quality

electrifying (adj):          very exciting; creating an energetic feeling

crucial (adj):     important

"go crazy

(v phrase):"      "to react with elevated excitement;

to cheer and celebrate energetically"

leap (v):           to jump

embrace (v):     to hug

cherish (v):       to value; to think highly of

urge (v):           to try to persuade; to advise

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"a number of

(adj phrase):"   many; several

participate (v):  to take part in

seldom (adv):   rarely: not often

predictable (adj):          easy to see; likely to happen

pursuit (n):        a hobby; an interest

conception (n): an opinion; a way of thinking about something

mysterious (adj):          difficult to understand or explain

enigmatic (adj): difficult to figure out

appreciate (v):  to enjoy; to value

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice2 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

tango (n):         "a type of dance characterized by dramatic body positions

and long pauses"

awful (adj):       terrible; very bad

"steer clear of

(v phrase):"      to stay away from; to avoid

convince (v):    to persuade; to cause someone to believe

discover (v):     to realize; to find out

incident (n):      an adventure; an event

anxiously (adv):            nervously; excitedly

anticipate (v):   to look forward to

factor (n):         a point; an aspect

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

oppose (v):      to be against; to disagree with

practice (n):      an action; a habitual behavior

dedicate (v):     to give or devote oneself to some purpose

outing (n):         a short pleasure trip

budget (n):       the amount of money a person has to spend

accordingly (adv):        in a way appropriate to the situation

neglect (v):       to not give proper care to

responsibility (n):          something that a person has the obligation to do

accustomed (adj):        usual; normal and comfortable

setting (n):        an environment

pertain (v):       to be related to; to be concerned with

consequence (n):          an effect; an end result

adjust (v):         to adapt to

assert (v):         to say with emphasis; to state strongly

interact (v):       to act with another

determine (v):   to influence

required (adj):  needed

bond (n):          a strong sense of friendship; a connection

reputable (adj): well known and well thought of

undesirable (adj):         negative; bad

repercussion (n):          a usually negative result from a previous action

Chapter1-SkillC Question2 Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

prosperity (n):  success

strained (adj):   uneasy; uncomfortable

alleviate (v):      to ease or reduce

consideration (n):         the condition of being thoughtful toward others

chastise (v):      to punish

investigate (v):  to look into; to find information about

censure (v):      to criticize severely; to blame

sneak off (v):    to leave secretly

resent (v):         to dislike; to feel angry toward

productivity (n):            the efficiency (rate) of work

approach (n):   a way of working; a manner of acting

quota (n):         a quantity or level set as a target for production

effective (adj):  efficient; useful

discipline (n):    the condition of being in control of oneself

offender (n):     a person who does something wrong

colleague (n):    a coworker

loyal (adj):        faithful and true

union (n):          "an organization concerned with the working conditions

of its members"

strike (v):         to stop working in protest

wage (n):          an amount of money earned by a worker

pay off (v phrase):        to create a benefit; to lead to a better situation

"in the long run

(adv phrase):"   in the end; long term

pamper (v):      to spoil; to treat with excessive care

discipline (v):    to punish

ensure (v):        to make sure of

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

mental (adj):     related to the mind and the thought process

internal (adj):    acting or effective within the body; inner

conflict (n):       a disagreement; an argument; a state of disharmony

id (n):   "the unconscious part of the mind that provides instinctual

impulses that demand immediate satisfaction"

ego (n):            "the conscious part of the mind

that controls thought and behavior"

superego (n):    "the unconscious part of the mind

that controls the ego because of learned moral standards"

neurosis (n):     a mental or emotional sickness

theorist (n):       a person who supports a certain theory, or set of ideas

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

challenging (adj):          difficult

"heavy going

(adj phrase):"   difficult and tedious to do or understand

"school of thought

(n phrase):"      "a theory or set of ideas believed and taught

by a certain group of people"

symptom (n):    a sign or indication of something else

reaction (n):      a response to a stimulus

specific (adj):   certain; one particular

function (v):      to work or live properly

abnormal (adj): not normal; unusual and unhealthy

"unequivocally

(adv):"  without doubt

interfere (v):     to block; to prevent normal functioning

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

phenomenon (n):          a happening; an occurrence

catastrophic (adj):        causing great damage and tragedy

build up (v phrase):      to accumulate

"consequently

(adv):"  therefore

protocol (n):     a document detailing a set of guidelines to be followed

treaty (n):         an agreement between nations

buoy (n):          "a floating object linked to the land under water

to mark an important place"

contention (n):  an opinion; an argument

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

plague (v):        to bother; to cause serious trouble to

limited (adj):     incomplete

lobby (n):         "a group of people working to influence the government

for a common goal"

scope (n):         "an approach to something;

the area or range covered by a given activity"

climatic (adj):   related to weather and climate

upheaval (n):    a large-scale, often traumatic, change

drought (n):      a long period with little rain

hypothesis (n):  a theory; an idea about why something happens

indisputable (adj):         clearly supportable; proven

urgency (n):      the state of needing immediate action

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

modify (v):       to change; to alter

shortage (n):     the state of not having enough to meet demand

evident (adj):    obvious; clear to see

maintain (v):     to keep unchanged; to continue

cubic (adj):       in three dimensions

conserve (v):    to prevent the loss of

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

consumption (n):          the act or process of eating or using

agriculture (n):  the business and study of farming

curtail (v):         to control; to decrease

obtain (v):        to get; to come into possession of

faucet (n):         a tool used to control the flow of water in a pipe

leaky (adj):       spilling or dripping water uncontrollably

considerable (adj):       large; sizable

consume (v):    to eat or use

paramount (adj):          very important

dairy (n):          "a group of foods made from milk or milk products,

such as milk, cheese, yogurt"

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

innovation (n):  "a new product or technology

that is different and better than old ones"

exceed (v):       to go higher or further; to surpass

initial (adj):       at first; early

accompany (v):            to go with; to be connected with

end up (v phrase):        to result in; to be after a sequence of events

tout (v):            to make positive claims about the value of something

revolutionize (v):           to change or improve radically

biting (adj):       harsh; able to cause pain or embarrassment

Chapter2-SkillA Question1 Practice4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

surpass (v):      to go higher or further; to exceed

hype (n):          "the exaggerated claims and publicity

surrounding a product or event"

trigger (n):        an event that precipitates, or causes, other events

breakthrough (n):         an innovation; a new and better product or technique

so-called (adj): "frequently, but perhaps mistakenly, called;

doubtful or suspect"

exemplify (v):   to stand as an example

trough (n):        a low area or condition; a valley

disillusionment (n):        the removal or clarification of mistaken beliefs

phase (n):         a stage in a sequence

mainstream (n): the condition of being widely accepted

plateau (n):       a stable, unchanging condition

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

ingredient (n):   "a component; a part that combines

with other parts to help make a final product"

dice (v):           to cut into small pieces

laborious (adj): difficult; time consuming

problematic (adj):         difficult; causing a problem

dough (n):        "a mixture of flour, water, and

other ingredients used to make bread"

crust (n):          a piece of bread that has become hard and dry

shred (v):         to cut or tear into long strips

principal (adj):  main; chief; of central importance

obliged (adj):    under an obligation to do; compelled to action by duty

packaged (adj):           put in a box or other container for sale

"be better off

(v phrase):"      to be in a better condition

convenience (n):           an item or service that makes life easier

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

attain (v):          to get; to acquire

publish (v):       to produce a book, newspaper, or magazine

find out (v phrase):       to discover; to learn

dilemma (n):     a problem; a conundrum

query (n):         a question

budget (v):       to plan how to use money effectively

topic (n):          a subject; a theme for discussion or learning

"advantageous

(adj):"   giving a benefit or advantage

diligent (adj):    hard working; disciplined

acquire (v):       to get; to attain

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

adapt (v):         to make suitable or useful for a certain use

difficulty (n):     a difficult situation; a situation that causes problems

hence (adv):     so; therefore

accumulate (v): to gain and increase

unpolluted (adj):           clean; without pollution

lethargic (adj):  lazy; without energy

deem (v):         to judge as; to consider

indispensable (adj):      necessary; needed

advocate (v):    to support; to argue in favor of

optimum (adj):  best; top-level

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

factual (adj):     based on fact; true

resource (n):     something that is available for help or information

affirm (v):         to say; to claim; to assert

affirmation (v):  a claim; a stated opinion or belief

unfounded (adj):           false; not based on strong evidence

numerous (adj):            many; several

premier (adj):   best; number one

source (n):        a point of origin

peruse (v):        to read thoroughly

concise (adj):   clear and efficient

fashion (n):       a manner; a way

native (adj):      originally from

assure (v):        to cause to feel certain; to remove doubt

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice5 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

naturally (adv): in a common, understandable manner

restrictive (adj):            limiting; controlling

policy (n):         a rule; a plan of action

beneficial (adj): helpful; useful; positive

major (adj):      important; chief

modest (adj):    low; not extravagant

income (n):       an amount of money earned

latest (adj):       most recent; newest

"socioeconomic

(adj):"   related to social class and money

conducive (adj):           helpful; tending to cause

hinder (v):        to slow down; to impede; to be an obstacle

insist (v):          to strongly state an opinion or belief

superfluous (adj):         not important; unnecessary

issue (n):          a topic of discussion or argument

Chapter2-SkillB Question2 Practice6 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

manufacture (v):           to produce; to make

plethora (n):     a large quantity

prestige (n):      the level of respect or social standing

"go without saying

(v phrase):"      to be obvious

prospective (adj):         potential; possible

identify (v):       to notice and consider

chief (adj):        main; most important

apt (adv):         probably; likely

hybrid (n):        a car that uses both gas and electricity

critical (adj):     essential; very important

"comprehensive

(adj):"   large in scope; covering many different situations

vehicle (n):       a car, truck, boat, plane, etc.; a means of transportation

Mastering - Listening

Chapter 1

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

sign up (v phrase)         to officially register for a class or activity

intramural (adj) between students and teams of one school, not with other schools

fill out (v phrase)          to write information and details on a form

free agent (n phrase)    a player who is available to any team that wants him or her

select (v)          to choose; to pick

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

industrial (adj)  related to the use of machinery and factories for production

mature (adj)     well-established; fully developed

stable (adj)       constant; not prone to large fluctuation

in theory (adv phrase)  according to assumed facts; not necessarily true in practice

achieve (v)       to do; to accomplish

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

fallacy (n)         an incorrect statement; a falsehood

sonnet (n)         a standardized form of poem with 14 lines

popularize (v)   to make popular

pastoral (adj)   related to an idealized, rural life

refine (v)          to change and improve

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

require (v)        to need; to demand

presume (v)      to assume; to believe without strong evidence

given (adj)        specified; particular

fulfill (v)            to meet a requirement

permit (v)         to allow; to grant permission

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

erosion (n)       "the process by which solid material is worn away, or slowly

broken down"

abrasion (n)      the process of breaking down by friction, or rubbing

bedrock (n)      "the solid rock that lies underneath looser material, such as soil,

sand, and clay"

backhoe (n)     "a machine used to dig and/or fill large holes; a type of tractor

for digging"

striation (n)       "a long line or scratch dug into the surface of a rock by the

passing of another rock"

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

pasteurize (v)   to heat food in order to kill harmful microorganisms

bacteria (n)      one-celled microorganisms

procedure (n)   a way of doing something; a method

refrigerate (v)   to keep cool; to keep in a refrigerator

ultra (adj)         very; extreme

Skill A-7

Wordlist           Meaning

assess (v)         to evaluate

note down (v phrase)   to write on paper

grade (v)          to assign a grade, or mark, on a student’s work

eye contact (n phrase)  the state of looking into another person’s eyes

at all (adv phrase)        in any way; to any extent

Skill A-8

Wordlist           Meaning

scholarly (adj)  "characteristic of scholars, that is, people whose job is to study

and research a particular subject"

analysis (n)       an examination of a subject or event

interpretation (n)          an explanation based on evidence

tertiary (adj)     of third importance or rank

first hand (adv phrase)  directly witnessed; in person

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

audition (v)       "to take part in a trial performance; to try to be accepted for

a performing role"

pointer (n)        a tip; a piece of advice

dynamics (n)    the relationship between two or more objects during change

scale (n)           an ascending or descending order of pitches played at set intervals

warm up (v phrase)      to prepare oneself for a performance

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

quest (n)          a mission; a journey with a certain goal or purpose

charismatic (adj)          very charming; having a compelling and attractive personality

foster (v)          to assist; to create an environment conducive to a certain action

brutal (adj)       violent and without compassion

strategist (n)     a planner; a person who creates a strategy or plan

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

fossilize (v)       to change from organic material into hard minerals over time

highly (adv)      very; quite

preservable (adj)          able to avoid decay and disintegration

sediment (n)     a layer of material placed atop another material

shoreline (n)     the land along the coast, or shore, of a body of water

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

present (v)       to give; to show for approval

authorize (v)     to approve; to give permission

beforehand (adv)         in advance; ahead of time

basis (n)           a foundation; a basic principle or condition

appreciate (v)   to value; to be thankful

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

formula (n)       an equation or rule for performing a calculation

ravine (n)         a deep, narrow valley

momentum (n)  "a measure of the motion of an object calculated by multiplying

its mass by its velocity"

principle (n)      a basic truth or assumption; a guiding rule or standard

diffusion (n)      "the spread of particles from an area of high concentration to

an area of low concentration"

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

ritual (n)           an act or sequence of acts as part of a ceremony

impersonate (v)            to pretend to be someone else

amplify (v)        to make louder or stronger

role (n) a character or part played by an actor

medieval (adj)  "relating to the Middle Ages period of European history

(400-1500 A.D.)"

Skill B-7

Wordlist           Meaning

ensure (v)         to make certain of something

outline (v)         to provide the basic details of a procedure

absolutely (adv)           definitely; yes

flow chart (n phrase)    a diagram or visual representation of a sequence of actions

plagiarism (n)   "the act of copying another person’s work and claiming it as

one’s own"

Skill B-8

Wordlist           Meaning

sufficient (adj)  enough to meet a requirement

interpreter (n)   a person who changes another person’s art to give it new meaning

facet (n)           an element; a characteristic part

contend (v)      to argue; to state strongly

collaboration (n)           the act of working together

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

pull off (v phrase)         to do; to accomplish

display (v)        to show; to project

screw up (v phrase)     to make a mistake

reinforce (v)     to strengthen by adding extra support

shortcoming (n)            a weakness; a flaw

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

encompass (v)  to include

missionary (n)   a person who works on a religious mission to help others

order (n)          a group of people united by a common belief or social aim

abject (adj)      miserable; suffering

abandon (v)     to leave without help; to forsake

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

intertidal (adj)   occurring in the period of time between two tides

bountiful (adj)   plentiful; abundant

reservoir (n)     a large or extra supply

poach (v)         to hunt or kill an animal in a forbidden area or out of season

unaware (adj)   not having knowledge of

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

illuminate (v)     to show clearly; to illustrate

impetus (n)       a stimulus; an impulse; a cause

incident (n)       an occurrence; an event

touch off (v phrase)      to start; to trigger

aggressive (adj)            actively hostile; assertive

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

bestow (v)       to give; to provide

raise spirits (v phrase)  to make happier

pertinent (adj)  relevant; related to the topic

cohabit (v)       to live in the same home

recover (v)       to regain health after a sickness or injury

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

clear up (v phrase)       to become sunny; to improve

after all (adv phrase)    nonetheless; despite factors to the contrary

look forward to (v phrase)       to anticipate with excitement

arduous (adj)   very difficult

no sweat (adj phrase)   easy

Skill C-7

Wordlist           Meaning

ubiquitous (adj)            common; found everywhere

wipe out (v phrase)      to kill off; to destroy completely

colossal (adj)   very large

hurtle (v)          to move with great speed

subsist (v)        to maintain life

Skill C-8

Wordlist           Meaning

allege (v)          to claim; to assert as true

invalid (adj)      not accurate; not in use

beats me (phrase)        I don’t know. I'm unsure.

procure (v)       to get; to obtain

maiden name (n phrase)           a woman’s family name before marriage

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

administer (v)   to direct or supervise; to give

demonstrate (v)            to show; to prove

competence (n)            the condition of being qualified

attain (v)          to get; to reach a goal

sum up (v phrase)        to summarize; to provide an overview

matriculant (n)  a person who is admitted to a college

indicate (v)       to show; to state

eligibility (n)      a state of being entitled; the condition of meeting the requirements

criteria (n)        a set of standards upon which a judgment is based

valid (adj)        true; useful

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

give a talk (v phrase)    to speak in public on a given topic; to lecture

assemble (v)     to gather; to collect

stem (v)           to start from; to originate

gesture (n)        a movement of the arms, legs, or body to express thought or feeling

scenario (n)      a situation

competent (adj)           capable; good enough for a given purpose

slouch (v)         to stand or sit with the head and shoulders hanging down

irritable (adj)    easily made angry

manipulate (v)  to change or alter for one’s own purpose

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

campaign (v)    to try to get elected

senate (n)         "a group of students and faculty members that make decisions

on university spending"

eligible (adj)     qualified; entitled

kick out (v phrase)       to expel; to send away

mull over (v phrase)     to consider; to think about

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

exchange (v)    to trade one item or service for another

medium (n)       a way or means for something to happen

barter (v)         to trade goods or services without the exchange of money

asset (n)           a useful or valuable quality or thing

put aside (v phrase)      to save

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

pitch (n)           a tone; a frequency of sound

simultaneously (adv)     at the same time

genre (n)          a type; a style

distortion (n)    a twisting of normal shape, form, or sound

surplus (adj)     extra; more than needed or wanted

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

syllabus (n)       a list of lessons and materials needed for a class

half off (adj phrase)      with the price reduced by 50 percent

label (n)           a small sign giving information about a product

purchase (n)     the act of buying

condition (n)     state; shape

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

major (adj)       chief; principal; main

biome (n)         a type of area characterized by its climate and life forms

go over (v phrase)        to review

precipitation (n)            a form of moisture, such as rainfall and snowfall

annually (adv)   occurring every year

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

morality (n)      a system of ideas of right and wrong

ethical (adj)      relating to behavior in accordance with an idea of right conduct

prescription (n) a set of rules or laws to follow

stance (n)         an opinion or point of view

implication (n)  a theoretical effect; an effect that might occur

Skill D-7

Wordlist           Meaning

drill (n) an exercise that is repeated many times in order to perfect a skill

overdo (v)        "to do something so much that a negative instead of positive

outcome results"

goal (n)            an aim; a desired outcome

session (n)        a period of time devoted to a specific activity

align (v)            to arrange so that two or more parts are at a proper working orientation

Skill D-8

Wordlist           Meaning

enclose (v)       to surround; to keep within

vital (adj)         very important; necessary

evolve (v)         to change and improve over time

cluster (n)         a group of the same or similar items gathered together

inhibit (v)          to prevent; to hinder

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

casual (adj)      relaxed; not formal

tremendous (adj)          very good; excellent

attraction (n)    a fun or interesting place to visit

volunteer (n)     a person who works without receiving money

adjust (v)         to change to fit the situation; to adapt

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

hypothesize (v) to make a hypothesis; to postulate

dense (adj)       compact; having a high mass to volume ratio

postulate (v)     to make a guess; to hypothesize

accurately (adv)           with exactness

contradiction (n)           an inconsistency; a disagreement

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

attached (adj)   connected to

flanked (adj)    surrounded

region (n)         an area of land

instrumental (adj)         vital; very important

transportation (n)         the act of moving goods or people over a distance

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

head (v)           to go in the direction

aspiring (adj)    hopeful of becoming

certificate (n)    a document proving a certain achievement

position (n)       a job

automatically (adv)       without a specific effort or request

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

conflict (n)        an argument; a disagreement

ultimately (adv) in the end; as a final result

enforce (v)       to compel others to follow a rule

reluctant (adj)   hesitant; unwilling

regime (n)        a government in power

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

depiction (n)     a graphic or written description of something

portray (v)       to show as; to describe

impact (n)        an effect; an impression

maxim (n)         a fundamental principle; a rule

literal (adj)       realistic; life-like; stressing the physical over the emotional

Skill E-7

Wordlist           Meaning

primarily (adv)  mostly; essentially

carry (v)           to offer for sale; to have in stock

relevant (adj)    important or related to a given topic

postal (adj)      related to post office services

bucks (n)         dollars

Skill E-8

Wordlist           Meaning

exposure (n)     "the condition of being subjected to an action or influence; the

amount of light a film is subjected to"

shutter (n)        a device that can cover or uncover a lens or window

aperture (n)      an adjustable opening, or hole, in a camera

reciprocity (n)  the state of two or more things exchanging favors or privileges

appropriately (adv)      accordingly; in a suitable way

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

grant (v)           to give; to provide

resolve (v)        to fix a problem; to create a solution to an argument

convey (v)        to communicate; to show

perspective (n) an opinion; a point of view

commit (v)       to promise to do; to pledge

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

input (n)           a piece or collection of information received from the senses

external (adj)    outside

process (v)       to evaluate; to deal with and organize

retain (v)          to keep within; to remember

selective (adj)   chosen according to importance or relevance

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

parallel port (n phrase) "an interface between a computer and a printer through which

information is passed on more than one wire"

byte (n)            "a sequence of eight bits (either 1 or 0) that computers process

as information"

transmit (v)       to send; to relay

relay (v)           to send; to transmit

confirmation (n)            the act of checking the truth or accuracy of information

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

permit (n)         a card or sticker that signifies official permission

lottery (n)         a selection made by a random choice

issue (v)           to give officially; to publish

purchase (v)     to buy

document (n)    an official paper

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

detrimental (adj)           harmful; causing damage

toxic (adj)        poisonous

break down (v phrase) to destroy; to disintegrate

eat away (v phrase)      to damage; to cause to become smaller

overload (v)     to put too much pressure or stress on

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

mean (v)          to intend; to have an inexact plan

conduct (v)      to do; to perform

hand out (v phrase)      to distribute; to give to people

obligation (n)    a responsibility; a commitment

handle (v)         to manage; to be able to do without too much difficulty

Skill F-7

Wordlist           Meaning

at length (adv phrase)   for a long period; in great detail

migration (n)     a large movement of people or animals

entity (n)          a thing that exists apart from other things

utopian (adj)    relating to a perfect, harmonious life

incentive (n)     a reason to act; an encouragement

Skill F-8

Wordlist           Meaning

whereby (adv)  by or through which

glucose (n)       a sugar found in most plants and animals

transform (v)    to change completely

get rid of (v phrase)      to eliminate; to throw away

take place (v phrase)    to happen; to occur

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

debate (n)        an argument

proponent (n)   a supporter

inherent (adj)    naturally a part of; innate

innate (adj)       naturally a part of; inherent

conversely (adv)          in contrast

slate (n)            an old-fashioned board used by students to write on with chalk

predisposition (n)         a condition of being likely to be some way

fraternal (adj)   relating to twins developed from two separate eggs

sibling (n)         a brother or sister

variation (n)      a range of differences

"mutually exclusive

(adj phrase)"    unable to exist or be true together

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

show up (v phrase)      to appear

specimen (n)    a sample or example used for study

juvenile (n)       an animal that has not reached adulthood

capture (v)       to catch; to gain control of

prey (n)            an animal hunted or caught for food

tentacle (n)       a long, flexible arm or leg on a squid or octopus

footage (n)       a series of photographed or videotaped images on a certain topic

lantern (n)        a light and its protective case

dissect (v)        to cut apart in order to study

corpse (n)        a dead body

Chapter 2

Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

meteorological (adj)     related to weather and the study of weather

expedition (n)   a journey organized to conduct scientific research

resuscitation (n)            the act of bringing back to life

paramedic (n)   a person trained to give medical treatment in emergency situations

pulmonary (adj)           related to the heart

jumpstart (v)    to start with a sudden jolt or push

juice (n)           an informal word for energy or electricity

revive (v)         to bring back to life

replenish (v)     to refill a depleted supply

rhythmic (adj)   in a regular pattern

hypothermia (n)            a medical condition resulting from very low body temperatures

Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

infrastructure (n)           "the basic services and structures needed for society to function,

such as electricity, roads, and water systems"

coup d’etat (n) a violent overthrow, or change, of government

apartheid (v)    a system of keeping different races separate, or apart, in South Africa

segregate (v)    to keep apart; to separate

protest (n)        a show of disagreement or disapproval

dismantle (v)    to take apart; to destroy

ethnic (adj)       related to members of a specific racial, religious, or cultural group

descent (n)       lineage; the condition of being derived through ancestors in a family line

breakdown (n) an analysis of the parts of something

Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

periodic table (n)          a chart displaying the known chemical elements

"in conjunction with

(adv phrase)"   together; in connection

recur (v)           to happen repeatedly

halfway (adj)    at the middle point between two places or times

devise (v)         to create; to make

octave (n)        a group or series of eight units

multiple (n)       a number that may be divided evenly by another number

predecessor (n)            "a person in a group or professional field who lived and contributed

before"

periodically (adv)         occasionally; repeatedly over time

proton (n)        a stable particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom

Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

deity (n)           a god or goddess; a supernatural being

connotation (n) an implied or associated meaning separate from a literal meaning

incorporate (v) to include

suppress (v)     to keep down; to ban

conceive (v)     to become pregnant

pantheon (n)     all of the gods for a certain culture considered as one group

solstice (n)       "a day of the year on which occurs the most or least hours of sunlight

(depending on which hemisphere), usually June 21 and December 21"

decree (n)        an order by a figure of authority, making the order law

predominant (adj)        having great importance; most common or prevalent

Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

disturb (v)        to bother; to intrude upon

available (adj)  open for use; not occupied by other activities

in return (adv phrase)   in exchange; as a payment

converse (v)     to discuss; to talk

accelerate (v)   to increase the speed of

reference (n)    a letter of recommendation

clarification (n) the act of explaining or making clear

concept (n)      an idea or theory

ascertain (v)     to discover; to find out

adequate (adj)  suitable; good enough for a given purpose

make sense (v phrase)  to be logical

take advantage of (v phrase)    to use some available service or opportunity

Skill A-6

Wordlist           Meaning

symbol (n)        something that represents something else

logo (n)            a name or symbol designed for easy recognition

trademark (n)   "an officially registered name or symbol that identifies a company

or product&quot;

implement (v)   to put into use; to start using

differentiate (v) to distinguish; to make different

precisely (adv) exactly

unauthorized (adj)        without official permission

genericize (v)    to make generic, that is, not associated with a brand name

synonymous (adj)         the same in meaning

exert (v)           to put to use; to exercise

proprietorship (n)         the state of ownership of something

Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

restriction (n)    a limitation; a rule that limits the use of something

clinic (n)           a group session offering instruction on a particular skill

priority (n)        a ranking of higher importance; precedence

consult (v)        to ask someone or check some source for advice

face-to-face (adv phrase)         in person; in close proximity

assume (v)       to believe without evidence

critique (n)       a critical review or commentary

"constructive criticism

(n phrase)"       "a suggestion offered to improve something, as opposed to

comments that merely point out flaws"

instant (adj)      immediate; right away

accountable (adj)         answerable; liable to be called to account

Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

underlay (v)      to be under; to be the foundation of

Middle Ages (n)           the period of European history from around 400 A.D. to 1450 A.D.

antiquity (n)      ancient times

classical (adj)   "of or relating to ancient Greece or Rome, especially with regard to art,

literature, and architecture"

reconcile (v)     to make compatible; to resolve

theology (n)      the study of the nature of God and religious truth

clergy (n)         the people who are called to service in the Church

republic (n)      "a nation whose head of state is usually elected, especially nations not

ruled by monarchs"

despotic (adj)   having the characteristics of a ruler with absolute power

fan the flames (v phrase)          to cause to increase or become more widespread

Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

capacity (n)      an amount that can be held or contained

arrive at (v phrase)       to find; to calculate

humble (adj)     low in quality; inferior

antiquated (adj)            very old; like an antique

floppy (adj)      flexible; able to be bent

measly (adj)     very small; worth little

obsolete (adj)   outdated; no longer useful

interface (n)      a point or place where two independent systems interact

astounding (adj)           astonishing; causing wonder

buzzword (n)    "a word or phrase connected with a specialized field or group that

usually sounds important or technical; a trendy or stylish word or phrase"

Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

fraternity (n)     a social organization of male students at a college or university

sorority (n)       a social organization of female students at a college or university

homecoming (n)           "a celebration week at a college or university when students first return to

school"

dress up (v phrase)      to wear or put on formal/special clothes

authentic (adj)  real; conforming to fact

garb (n)            clothes

version (n)        a kind; a type

in mourning (adj phrase)           observing or respecting someone’s death; saddened by someone’s death

ornate (adj)      elaborate; flashy or showy

cast (n) "a group of people working to produce a theatrical production, including

actors, directors, stage hands, etc."

Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

impact (n)        a significance; an influence

revolve (v)       to go around; to spin around

eureka (interj)  an exclamation of achievement similar to, “I have found it!”

mundane (adj)  everyday; ordinary

dispel (v)          to drive away

misconception (n)         a wrong idea

deduce (v)       to conclude; to infer

inquisition (n)    "a group of judges established to discover and suppress people and ideas

that were in conflict with Church doctrine"

torture (n)        "punishment involving severe pain in order to force information or a

confession"

infinite (adj)      without end

insecure (adj)   not confident; filled with anxiety

Skill B-6

Wordlist           Meaning

issue (n)           a problem; a situation to be solved

statistics (n)      data used to describe research

overall (adj)     as a whole; all things considered

commit (v)       to do; to carry out

category (n)     a group to which things or information can be assigned

murder (n)        to kill another person on purpose

rip off (v)         to steal; to rob

massive (adj)    huge; very large

as opposed to (adj phrase)      compared with; in relation to

previous (adj)   prior; occurring before

security (adj)    related to safety or anti-crime

soar (v)            to rise quickly and steeply

resort to (v phrase)      to use as an alternative or less desirable option

Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

bizarre (adj)     strange; unusual

deterrent (n)     something that discourages a certain behavior

hefty (adj)        large

prank (n)          a trick or joke

utter (v)            to say; to speak

look up (v phrase)        to find information from a list or other source material

make sure (v phrase)    to be certain; to ensure

situation (n)      a circumstance; a problem

report (v)         to tell authorities about

in progress (adv phrase)           happening at the moment; under way

immediate (adj)            without a lag in time; very soon

Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

regurgitate (v)   to reproduce in an exact but uninteresting way

reject (v)          to disbelieve; to dismiss as untrue

notion (n)         an idea

commoner (n)  a person of a lower class

outright (adv)   completely; totally

tentative (adj)   not fully agreed on; made with the possibility of future change

founder (n)       the person who started or created an organization or place

devote (v)        to concentrate on a specific topic or goal

reiterate (v)      to say again in order to stress the importance of

"take with a grain of salt

(v phrase)"       to view with skepticism; to not believe completely

Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

empathize (v)   to feel the same way as; to understand

standardize (v) to make the same; to make standard

canon (n)         a group of books that represent a certain topic or time

righteous (adj)  correct in behavior; ethical

oeuvre (n)        an artist’s work as a whole

emergence (n)  the act of taking form or becoming famous

prominence (n) a position of respect, power, or fame

Eurocentric (adj)          concerned mostly with European matters

analects (n)      a collection of parts, or excerpts, from a literary work

eclectic (adj)    having many different styles or tastes

Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

internship (n)    a period of service during which the worker learns a skill or trade

pay off (v phrase)         to give or produce a benefit

contact (n)       a person with whom a beneficial relationship exists

hang on (v phrase)       to wait briefly

pamphlet (n)     a small booklet of information

mandatory (adj)           necessary; compulsory

logistics (n)       the management of the details of an operation

counselor (n)    a person who supervises young people at a summer camp

vote of confidence (n phrase)   a compliment; encouragement

enthusiastic (adj)          showing energy and excitement

Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

transcribe (v)    to write down on paper what is heard

routinely (adv)  commonly; usually

branch (n)        a section; a part

deductive (adj) related to logical reasoning

default (adj)     standard; chosen unless specifically told not to

reverse (v)       to change to the opposite

ultimate (adj)    final; most important

pick up (v phrase)        to observe and understand

myriad (n)        a very large amount

subconscious (adj)       without thinking purposefully

extrapolate (v)  to estimate by extending known information

override (v)      to counteract the normal operation of

Skill C-6

Wordlist           Meaning

atmosphere (n) the layer of air between the surface of the Earth and outer space

shift (v) to move; to change

generate (v)      to produce; to create

aware (adj)      knowing about; conscious of

correspond (v) to connect; to be related

deformation (n)            an abnormal or unhealthy shape or form

coincide (v)      to happen at the same time

link (n) a connection; a bond

radiate (v)        to send out; to emit

thermal (adj)    related to heat

supplement (v) to add; to increase

phenomenon (n)           a happening; an occurrence

justified (adj)    correct; supported by evidence

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

shuttle bus (n phrase)   a bus that travels a regular route between two points

fixed (adj)        set; unchanging

approximately (adv)     about; close to

cater (v)           to attend to the wants or needs of

circuit (n)         a circular path or route

pick up (v phrase)        to collect passengers for transport

adjacent (adj)   next to; adjoining

doorstep (n)     the front of one’s home; the stairs leading up to a house

affiliated (adj)   officially connected to

harsh (adj)       severe; difficult

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

vulnerable (adj)            open to being hurt; susceptible to injury

diverse (adj)     made up of many different parts

undergo (v)      to experience; to endure

utilize (v)          to use for

indicator (n)     a gauge; a tool that measures

temperate (adj)            mild; not overly hot

marine (adj)     related to oceans and seas

habitat (n)        an area in which an organism can live

outcrop (n)       a group of rocks appearing above the surface of the surrounding land

core (n)            an inner, base part

dramatic (adj)  severe; very noticeable

estimate (v)      to calculate an approximate number

chart (v)           to follow the progress of; to monitor

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

baby boomer (n phrase)           "a person born during a period of rapid population increase in

North America during the 1940s and 1950s"

oriented (adj)   tending to; likely to do

distorted (adj)  misshapen; altered beyond the normal form or shape

get a picture (v phrase) to understand

privileged (adj) given special advantages

cope (v)           to deal with a difficult situation; to endure

reliance (n)       the condition of needing, or depending on

extroversion (n)            the condition of not being shy

network (v)      to create a group of friends or contacts within a career-related environment

adept (adj)       effective at; skilled

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

get down to (v phrase) to begin doing

primary (adj)    first; most important

phylum (n)        the largest category of living things within each kingdom

catastrophe (n) a disaster; a terrible event

cycle (n)           a repeated sequence of events

hardy (adj)       strong; able to endure difficulty

weather (v)      to endure; to survive difficulty

deem (v)          to declare; to classify as

consistent (adj) reliable; steady

widespread (adj)          occurring across a wide area

miraculously (adv)        in an extremely surprising way

cease (v)          to stop

wrap up (v phrase)       to finish; to conclude

Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

look down (v phrase)   to appear sad or depressed

skate (v)          to move or act with ease

disheartening (adj)        depressing; taking away energy or enthusiasm

vocation (n)      a job

aptitude (n)      a strong ability for

bomb (v)          to do very poorly on a test or piece of work

screw up (v phrase)     to make a mistake

re-evaluate (v)  to examine again; to think about again and possibly change one’s mind

give a break (v phrase) to change the normal rules to help someone

last resort (n phrase)    a final choice; a last possible action

appeal (v)        to ask someone to change an evaluation or decision

Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

hype (n)           an excessive amount of advertising

potentially (adv)           possibly

garner (v)         to get; to achieve

obvious (adj)    easy to see or understand

convince (v)     to make others agree with an idea

substandard (adj)         of low quality; not good enough

expertise (n)     a high level of ability or knowledge regarding a given topic

franchiser (n)    a company that sells franchise businesses

franchisee (n)   a person or group of people who buy a franchise business

diluted (adj)     weakened

acumen (n)       the ability to judge or reason correctly

tied down (adj phrase) committed to; obliged to

Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

latitude (n)        a measurement of distance north or south of the equator

longitude (n)     a measurement of distance east or west of the prime meridian

hemisphere (n) a half of a sphere

prime (adj)       first; most important

meridian (n)      a line that divides something into two halves

designate (v)    to name; to label

revolution (n)    a complete 360° turn around an axis

zone (n)           an area

nonetheless (adv)         however; despite what might be expected

equivalent (n)   an equal thing

predict (v)        to guess what will happen in the future

Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

policy (n)         a course of action; a guiding principle; a rule

legally (adv)     in accordance with the law

tick off (v phrase)         to anger; to infuriate

rationale (n)      a reason

cite (v) to claim; to present as a reason

compelling (adj)           strongly affecting

"have a good mind to

(v phrase)"       to feel one has a strong justification for a potential action

sympathize (v)  to feel the same as; to feel pity for

go overboard (v phrase)          to act too extremely; to overreact

commute (v)     to travel back and forth to work or school

"sweep under the carpet

(expression)"    to ignore or hide a problem

Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

come to mind (v phrase)          to occur to; to strike with an idea

typify (v)          to be typical of; to be a normal characteristic of

dissonant (adj) harsh and inharmonious

cacophonous (adj)       loud; noisy

play around with (v phrase)      to experiment with; to try different arrangements and combinations

sheer (adj)       considered separate from anything else

precede (v)      to exist or act before

motivation (n)   the reason for an action or belief

approach (n)    a way of thinking or acting

distinct (adj)     unique; different from others

dramatically (adv)        in a large, very noticeable way

Skill D-6

Wordlist           Meaning

tuberculosis (n) a sickness that affects the lungs

bar exam (n phrase)     a qualification test for lawyers

permanently (adv)        in a way that affects things forever

derivative (n)    a thing that is taken from something else

monstrosity (n) a thing that has an unusual and unattractive appearance or character

base on (v phrase)       to use as a starting point or foundation

draft (n)           a version of a written work

sweeping (adj) large-scale

two-facedness (n)        the quality of behaving differently in front of different people

remonstrance (n)          an act of complaining or criticizing

colonialism (n)  the process of one nation exerting control over foreign lands

Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

frustrated (adj) filled with a feeling of discouragement or dissatisfaction

due (adj)          expected; scheduled to be given or returned

packed (adj)    full; crowded

a mile long (adj phrase)            very long

lounge (n)         a room for relaxing

kick out (v phrase)       to eject; to force to leave

check out (v phrase)    to go and see

tip (n)   a suggestion; a piece of advice

Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

reunion (n)       a celebration when family members come together after a long separation

disrupt (v)        to break; to interrupt

foster care (n phrase)   "supervised care, usually in an institution or substitute home, for orphans

or children who have been taken away from their parents"

reliable (adj)     dependable; trustworthy

census (n)        "an official study done by a country’s government once every few years

in which data about the population are collected"

rule of thumb (n phrase)           "a useful principle that can be used most of the time, but may not give

the proper results 100% of the time"

surname (n)      family name; last name

trendy (adj)      in fashion; in accord with the latest fad

infancy (n)        the youngest age of a child, before the child can walk

Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

drawn out (adj phrase) extended; going on and on

ample (adj)      available in a sufficient amount

hardy (adj)       physically strong and healthy

toxicity (n)        the degree to which something is poisonous

metabolism (n) "the chemical processes of the body in which food is broken down in

order to supply energy to the body"

indigestion (n)   an illness or discomfort resulting from the inability to digest food

lethal (adj)        able to kill or cause death

buff (n) an expert

corrupt (v)       to spoil or destroy the honesty or integrity of

malfunction (v) to not function properly

dose (n)           an amount of medicine prescribed to be taken at one time

Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

foremost (adv) first; before other things

technical (adj)  having special skill or practical knowledge related to something mechanical

rehearsal (n)     a time of practice before a performance

down the road (adv phrase)     in the future

inspect (v)        to look at carefully

hazard (n)        a danger; a chance of being injured or hurt

extinguisher (n) a device used to put out fires

privileged (adj) having special benefits or privileges

bark (v)           to command loudly and quickly

delegate (v)      to divide responsibility among a group of people

rapport (n)       an emotional connection based on mutual trust and respect

Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

gross (adj)       disgusting

deny (v)           to take away a right; to refuse a request

vending (adj)    for selling

prerogative (n) an exclusive right to decide

smokes (n)       cigarettes

boulevard (n)   a wide city street, usually with trees on either side

habitually (adv) as a routine or regular habit

hit the books (v)           to start studying

inconvenience (v)         to cause discomfort; to make unsuitable for one’s needs

in favor of (prep phrase)          for; supportive of

wise up (v)       to become smarter

revolting (adj)   disgusting

Skill E-6

Wordlist           Meaning

valuation (n)     an assessed value or price

mismanagement (n)      inappropriate or inefficient management

solid (adj)        strong; reliable

indicator (n)     something used to predict future trends

franchise (n)     a business entity with the authority to do business in a certain area or region

commodity (n)  an agricultural or mined product that can be processed and sold

flexibility (n)     the property of being adaptable or responsive to change

face value (n)   an apparent value; the value printed on a bill or bond

count on (v phrase)      to rely on; to depend on

minimize (v)      to make as small as possible
cash in (v phrase)         to settle one’s account by submitting for the present value

Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

eventual (adj)   occurring at the end of a future sequence of events

conscript (n)     a person taken into the armed forces by the will of the government

reservist (n)      "a person who volunteers to join the armed forces in case of war, not a

full-time soldier"

fleet (n)            a large group of ships

disposal (n)      the ability or power to use

compensate (v)            to reward someone for work done or damage caused

admiral (n)       a high ranking official in the navy

subdue (v)        to capture and control

spark (v)          to start; to incite

foray (n)           a military raid or expedition

foothold (n)      a starting point; a place from which troops can advance into an area

Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

vague (adj)       unclear; not exact

adapt (v)          to change according to the situation

tighten up (v phrase)     to make clear; to make more precise

attribute (n)      a trait; a characteristic

food chain (n phrase)   the system of energy movement between plants and animals

herbivore (n)    an animal that eats plants

carnivore (n)    an animal that eats meat

start off (v phrase)        to begin

convert (v)       to change the form of

Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

butter up (v phrase)      to flatter; to compliment someone in order to gain favor

hook up (v phrase)       to connect

shut down (v phrase)    to turn off

marvelous (adj)            very good; wonderful

access (v)        to go into; to start using

wealth (n)         an abundance; a large amount

inconvenience (n)         a situation that takes a lot of effort or time

sophisticated (adj)        modern; using advanced technology

replicate (v)      to copy; to reproduce

disguise (v)       to hide the true identity of

spy on (v phrase)         to secretly watch

bandwidth (n)   the capacity of an Internet connection to transfer data

Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

bond (v)           to create a connection or relationship with

procreate (v)    to reproduce; to make a baby

fertilization (n)  the act of a sperm and an egg joining

trigger (v)         to start into action; to set off

labor (n)           the act of giving birth

initiate (v)         to start; to act first

prospective (adj)          potential; possible

contraction (n)  a twitch, or flexing, of a muscle

induce (v)         to force into action; to start

mute (v)           to weaken; to make less

counterintuitive (adj)     against common sense; contrary to what is expected

nurture (v)        to show love for and take care of

offspring (n)     a child or group of children

Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

assist (v)          to help

financial (adj)   related to money

take a nose dive (v phrase)      to decrease rapidly

miserably (adv)            in a large and negative way

malaise (n)       a general feeling of poor health and lack of energy

symptom (n)     a sign or effect of a sickness

long shot (n phrase)      a large amount or degree

come up with (v phrase)           to create; to invent; to think up

refer (n)           to send to for help

medical (adj)    related to medicine and health

Skill F-6

Wordlist           Meaning

component (n)  a part; an element

discipline (n)     an area of study or research

metaphysical (adj)        highly abstract; relating to the nature of existence and knowledge

framework (n)  the basic structure for a system of thought

foretell (v)        to predict; to tell what will happen in the future

static (adj)        unchanging

confirm (v)       to verify; to affirm the truth of

coin (v)            to give a name

underlying (adj)            underneath; basic

conundrum (n)  a difficult or unanswerable problem; a paradox

dialectics (n)     the process of finding the truth by examining opposite logical arguments

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

bare bones (n phrase)  the basic ideas; the fundamentals

silicate (n)        a compound with silicon as a part of it

exclude (v)       to not include; to leave out

plasma (n)        a state of matter found in lightning and stars

inorganic (adj)  not living or from a living organism

exemplify (v)    to stand as an example; to show

polymorph (n)  a substance that can appear in different forms

analogy (n)       a comparison based on similarity

grasp (v)          to understand

reverse (adj)    opposite

layman’s terms (n phrase)        everyday language; not scientific words

suspended (adj)           supported within; not sinking

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

go into (v phrase)         to get a job or career in

women’s shelter (n phrase)      a place where women who are victims of domestic violence can stay safely

endeavor (n)    a purposeful activity; an enterprise

hasty (adj)        rushed; in a hurry

set down (v phrase)     to create

catch up (v phrase)      to move or work quickly enough to attain the same progress as others

hold off (v phrase)        to wait; to delay

methodology (n)           a set of procedures and rules used by people who work in a given field

enthusiastic (adj)          showing great excitement and interest

slip (n)  a piece of paper with written information; a form

Skill Review 3

Wordlist           Meaning

proficiency (n)  the state of being able to do something very well

neglect (v)        to forget to do; to not pay attention to

notorious (adj) famous for bad actions or character; infamous

blow out of proportion (v phrase)        to exaggerate excessively

inefficient (adj) slow and not effective

deconstruct (v) to take apart for the purpose of examination

economy (n)     the performance of an action without spending too much energy

constitute (v)    to make up; to compose; to be the parts of

get it (v phrase)            to understand

uniform (adj)    consistent; always the same

fluid (adj)         smooth; effortless

Skill Review 4

Wordlist           Meaning

constitutional (adj)        related to a system of fundamental laws and principles

impose (v)        to force upon

principal (adj)   of great importance; chief

candidate (n)    a person eligible for a certain position

excommunicate (v)       to force out of a (usually religious) organization

take hold of (v phrase) to capture; to seize

fed up (adj phrase)       tired of; unable to tolerate any longer

vow (n)            a promise; an oath

irrelevant (adj)  not related to the topic; unimportant

contemporary (adj)      modern; current

overrule (v)      to decide to rule against; to reverse the decision of another

renounce (v)     to reject; to disown

Mastering Skills for the TOEFL iBT - Reading

Chapter1 Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

prevalent (adj): common

incessant (adj): without end; going on and on

inflamed (adj):  swollen and red

cluster (n):        a small group of things that are connected or are very close together

impede (v):       to block; to cause resistance

Chapter1 Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

abstract (adj):   not concrete; impossible to touch or see in reality

"comprehensive

(adj):"   general; universal

implicit (adj):    indicated; inferred

condemned (adj):         found guilty of some crime or offense and put under punishment

futility (n):         worthlessness

Chapter1 Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

"in the eyes of

(prep phrase):" under; by

inalienable (adj):           not capable of being taken or given away to another person

precluded (adj):           excluded from

exploit (v):        to take advantage of

penal (adj):       related to punishment or prison

Chapter1 Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

draw (v):          to pull; to take

diaphragm (n):  "a muscular membrane that separates the upper and lower

organs of the torso, used in breathing"

deviate (v):       to differ from

vocal (adj):       related to the voice

manipulation (n):           control

Chapter1 Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

space probe (n):           an unmanned space craft used to collect data

refine (v):         to change to a more developed or more useful state

conception (n): an understanding

fainter (adj):     less bright; harder to see

lie (v):   to be located

Chapter1 Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

weave (v):        to make cloth from thread

raw (adj):         unprocessed

fabric (n):         a cloth produced by weaving

colonist (n):      a person who leaves his or her native country to live in a colony

vicinity (v):       an adjacent or local area

Chapter1 Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

temperance (n):            moderation or restraint

analytical (adj): based on reason or logic as a way to understand reality

rigorous (adj):  very strict; precise

"plant the seeds

(v. phrase):"     to do some work that will develop into something later

conquest (n):    the act of taking control of other nations by force

Chapter1 Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

phenomena (n):            occurrences; events

devastating (adj):          destroying everything

dependent (adj):           relying on

procreate (v):   to multiply by reproducing

beneficial (adj): producing a useful result; advantageous

Chapter1 Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

inability (n):      a lack of ability

pitched (adj):    having a particular musical sound

receptive (adj): able and willing to receive

distinguish (v):  to tell apart; to discriminate

attentively (adv):           with attention

Chapter1 Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

deposit (n):       things that remain or are left due to some natural process

upper (adj):      higher; above some lower part

glacier (n):        a huge mass of ice that moves over land

debris (n):        broken pieces of something that are scattered over an area

collectively (adv):         taken together

Chapter1 Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

store (v):          to keep for future use

modified (adj):  changed

intermediary (adj):        existing between

cache (n):         a place to keep valuable or important things; a fast storage buffer

access (n):        a way to get to or make use of

Chapter1 Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

inspire (v):        to cause; to be the source of an idea

bow (n):           a tool made of curved wood and string, used to shoot arrows

widespread (adj):         common

"appertain to

(v phrase):"      to relate to

pluck (v):         to pull and release in order to start vibrating

Chapter1 Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

ironic (adj):      "stating something, while meaning the opposite,

i.e. saying “you did well” while actually meaning that the person did NOT do well"

legacy (n):        that which a person leaves behind them when they die

endure (v):       to put up with; to bear; to continue to do

depict (v):        to describe; to give a description of

garner (v):        to collect; to gain

Chapter1 Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

impart (v):        to communicate; to convey

distinction (n):   difference

voluntary (adj): done by free choice; on purpose

former (adj):     the first of two things mentioned

proficient (adj): adept; skillful at doing something

Chapter1 Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

adorn (v):         to decorate; to add decorations to

"medicine man

(n):"      "among certain peoples, a person believed to have magic powers

often used for healing"

recount (v):      to tell; to relate

spirit (n):          a ghost; a supernatural creature

craft (v):           to make

Chapter1 Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

indigenous (adj):           belonging to a particular area

location (n):      place; position

introduce (v):    to bring in

settle (v):          to establish a home in a new area

classify (v):       to put into a particular group or class

Chapter1 Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

triumph (n):      a win

"likely to be

(adj phrase):"   probably

embellish (v):    "to make a story more interesting by adding facts

and details that may not be true"

largely (adv):    mostly; mainly

perish (v):         to die

Chapter1 Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

marginalized (adj):        lesser and unimportant

mainstream (adj):         popular

taboo (adj):      forbidden; not socially acceptable

colloquial (adj):            conversational; familiar

encrypted (adj):           coded

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

nurture (v):       to nourish and tend to; to care for

component (n): any of the parts that make up a machine

pore (n):           a small round opening in the surface of a living organism

vapor (n):         gas

condense (v):   to decrease the volume or size of a substance

cling (v):           to stick to

intercept (v):     to stop something going from one point to another

infiltrate (v):      to get through; to pass through

permeability (n):           the ability to allow liquids to pass through

dense (adj):      closely packed

saturated (adj): wet; full of liquid

contamination (n):         pollution caused by unwanted substances

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

expedition (n):  an organized journey with a purpose

respective (adj):           belonging to or relating to each person or thing mentioned

evolution (n):    "the change in living organisms

--- changing to suit the environments or surroundings"

predator (n):     an animal that hunts or eats other animals

whaler (n):        a person or ship that hunts and kills whales

preservation (n):           a place that protects endangered and rare animals

safeguard (v):   to protect; to ensure the safety of

instance (n):      an example

hatch (v):          to break out of an egg

isolated (adj):   remote; standing alone or apart

Chapter2 Skill A-1

Wordlist           Meaning

casualty (n):      a victim; a death

wave (n):          a spreading trend that involves many people

boost (v):         to make higher or greater

textiles (n):       fabrics, especially of the kinds used for clothes

pinpoint (v):      to locate or indicate exactly

blur (v):            to make unclear or difficult to see

momentum (n): the driving force behind a course of events or an idea

combustion (n):            the process of burning

trigger (v):        to set off; to begin

turmoil (n):       a state of extreme confusion or disorder

agricultural (adj):          related to farming

"come to light

(v phrase):"      to come to public attention

catalyst (n):      something that triggers a process or an event

implement (v):  to use

fuel (v): to support or stimulate

Chapter2 Skill A-2

Wordlist           Meaning

digit (n):           a symbol used in a system of counting

comprise (v):    to make up; to compose

state (n):           a condition; a mode of being

voltage (n):       "a measure of electrical force or difference

between positive and negative charges"

switch (n):        a device which turns a machine or electrical equipment on and off

enable (v):        to supply with a means; to make able

string (n):          a series of similar related things

express (v):      to communicate; to depict

transfer (v):      to send

browser (n):     "a program that locates and displays sites or information

on the Internet"

lower case (n): small letter; not capital

capacity (n):     the amount that can be contained

"bear in mind

(v phrase):"      to remember; to keep in mind

Chapter2 Skill A-3

Wordlist           Meaning

adapt (v):         to change to fit a particular environment

structure (n):     the way something is set up to operate

exhibit (n):        a public showing

vantage point (n):         the place one looks from

technical (adj):  related to the use of science or a scientific method

attribute (v):     to relate to a particular source or cause

approach (n):   a method; a way of doing

contribution (n):            a benefit or useful thing that is added

distort (v):        to change from the natural or original state

manipulate (v):  to control

abstract (adj):   not of the physical world; not concrete

aspect (n):        a feature or element

founder (n):      a person who establishes an institution or organization

establishment (n):         the setting up; the founding

task force (n):   "a group that is given the job to accomplish a certain job

or solve a certain problem"

Chapter2 Skill A-4

Wordlist           Meaning

outcome (n):     a result

significantly (adv):         considerably; quite

mental (adj):     related to the mind

distinction (n):   a difference; a point of uniqueness

source (n):        the origin; the cause

exhibit (v):        to show

indefinable (adj):          not able to be defined or described

symptom (n):    a sign of an illness or problem

intense (adj):    very strong; extreme

onset (n):          the beginning; the first stage

disorder (n):     a problem that affects the mind or body

accompany (v):            to appear with; to be associated with

maintain (v):     to keep; to continue

Chapter2 Skill A-5

Wordlist           Meaning

expand (v):       to increase; to widen

region (n):        an area

role (n):            a position; a function

gender (n):       either male or female

integration (n):  the act of placing or bringing into

alongside (prep):          beside; with

occupation (n): a job; paid work

tradition (n):     "thoughts or behaviors followed by a group of people generation

after generation"

participate (v):  to take part; to do together

manual labor (n):          work done with the hands

link (v): to connect; to associate with

social security (n):        "a government program that helps people who lose their jobs

or who can’t work for some reason"

maternity (adj): "related to the time that a woman is pregnant

or the first months of motherhood"

transmitted (adj):          passed; caused to spread

abortion (n):     "the ending of a pregnancy

before a baby is able to survive outside of the mother"

Chapter2 Skill B-1

Wordlist           Meaning

distinctive (adj):            characteristic; distinguishing

dwindle (v):      to decrease almost to zero

dramatic (adj):  surprising; startling

trace (v):          to follow clues to the source or cause

immigrant (n):   a person who moves to settle in a new country

encroachment (n):        the act of advancing beyond a border or limit

hatch (v):          to cause to produce eggs and young

migration (n):  �eopl� a journey to seasonal feeding grounds

offspring (n):     young

network (n):     "an interconnected group of people

who are in communication with each other"

via (prep):        by way of; by means of

monitor (v):      to watch in order to note changes in

"conservationist

(n):"      a person who works to save or conserve natural resources

breed (v):         to cause to reproduce

flock (n):          a group of birds

Chapter2 Skill B-2

Wordlist           Meaning

intervention (n):            the act of coming between in order to control or help

popularize (v):  to make popular; to increase acceptance of

ensure (v):        to guarantee; to make certain

"decentralized

(adj):"   having power or control spread among several points

attain (v):          to get; to reach

drive (n):          a force that pushes or gives power to something

maximization (n):          the act of raising to the highest point or condition

maintain (v):     to say; to declare to be true

permissive (adj):           tolerant; allowing

tariff (n):           a fee or tax applied to certain goods or industries

wage (n):          the money paid to an employee

detrimental (adj):          causing damage or harm

contingent (adj):           dependent; conditional

urbanization (n):           the building of cities or urban areas

"wreak havoc

(v phrase):"      to damage; to disrupt

"disproportionately

(adv):"  "to a disproportionate degree;

too great or too small when compared to something else"

"Victorian Era

(n phrase):"      "a period in British history

during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901)"

Chapter2 Skill B-3

Wordlist           Meaning

emerge (v):       to come out of

expose (v):       to be introduced; to experience

innovative (adj):           new and progressive

community (n): a social group formed of people with similar interests

confine (v):       to limit; to restrict in some place

release (v):       to set free

venue (n):         a designated place for a performance

gig (n):  a contractual job for a musician

mentor (n):       "an elder or more knowledgeable person who train or

teaches a novice"

renowned (adj):           famous; well-known

intensity (n):      a powerful focus; a discernable energy

preeminent (adj):          best; most exemplary

interpretation (n):          an understanding; a personal take

convention (n): a standard practice

improvisation (n):         an unpracticed or unplanned performance

cite (v): to reference

volume (n):       a thick written work

Chapter2 Skill B-4

Wordlist           Meaning

rehabilitate (v): to restore to normal life through therapy and education

likelihood (n):   a probability

causal (adj):     relating to or involving a cause

predispose (v): to make one inclined or susceptible to

credibility (n):   an amount of reliability; a level to which something can be believed

stratification (n):           a condition of being layered or arranged in levels

slum (n):           an area of poverty marked by substandard housing

yield (v):           to produce or give forth naturally

delinquency (n):            a failure to follow the law

"spontaneously

(adv):"  automatically; without a visible cause

differentiate (v):            to distinguish; to tell apart

engage (v):       to do; to participate

"in conjunction with

(prep phrase):" together with; in connection with

incarcerate (v): to put into prison

Chapter2 Skill B-5

Wordlist           Meaning

medieval (adj): of or relating to the Middle Ages (450-1450)

optics (n):         the science of lenses, prisms, mirrors, etc.

notion (n):        an idea

set (n):  the scenery constructed for a theatrical performance

govern (v):       to serve as a guiding or determining principle

canvas (n):       a piece of heavy fabric on which artists paint

converge (v):    to come together; to meet

linear (adj):       of or relating to a line

plane (n):          a flat or level surface

scale (n):          a proportion used in determining size or dimensions

depict (v):        to represent; to show

milestone (n):    a turning point; an important event

treatise (n):       a systematic, usually long written explanation on a subject

baptistery (n):   a part of a church where baptisms are done

Chapter2 Skill C-1

Wordlist           Meaning

algae (n):          "any of a type of primitive plant that grows underwater

but lacks true stems, roots, and leaves"

salinity (n):        a concentration of salt in a solution

immerse (v):     to put below the surface of water

buoy (v):          to keep afloat; to maintain or support near the surface of water

fresh water (n): water that is not salty

buoyant (adj):   tending to float on water

afloat (adj):      in a floating position or condition

lie back (v phrase):       to recline; to get into a lying position

evaporate (v):   to change from a liquid to a gas

runoff (n):         rain water that is not absorbed by soil and flows to a lower area

thrive (v):         to grow vigorously; to flourish

teem (v):          to abound; to swarm

climatic (adj):   relating to climate

steady (adj):     fixed; unchanging

irrigate (v):       to water an area by means of ditches, pipes, or streams

suspended (adj):          supported or kept from sinking

homogenous (adj):       all of the same kind or nature

Chapter2 Skill C-2

Wordlist           Meaning

"interchangeably

(adv):"  in a manner that can be changed or switched

stem (n):           a main, central support of a plant

woody (adj):    like wood

shrub (n):         "a bush; a low, woody plant having several stems growing

from a base but no single trunk"

temperate (adj):           characterized by moderate temperatures

tropics (n):       "the region on Earth lying

between 23º north and 23º south of the equator"

flavor (v):         to add taste to

pinch (n):          a small amount that can be held between a finger and the thumb

dish (n):            a food

remedy (n):      a medicine or therapy used to relieve pain or cure disease

medicinal (adj): relating to medicine

sprout (v):        to begin to grow; to appear just above the soil

harvest (v):       to collect ripe grains or fruits

gauge (v):         to judge

flat (n): "a square container holding a dozen

or more young plants in small pots or holders"

seedling (n):      a young plant that is grown from a seed

bed (n):            a section of a garden where certain plants or flowers are grown

Chapter2 Skill C-3

Wordlist           Meaning

gadget (n):        a device; a small machine

trigger (n):        a mechanism that activates something

inflated (adj):    unduly enlarged; raised beyond a reasonable level

trough (n):        the lowest part of a U curve

disillusionment (n):        disappointment; being freed from a false belief

enlightenment (n):         education that results in understanding

plateau (n):       a level period or state

publicized (adj):           made widely known

hype (v):          to promote through excessive publicity

scooter (n):      a child’s vehicle with two wheels and a tall upright handle

unveil (v):         to disclose; to reveal

blaze (n):          a big, bright fire

descend (v):     to go down

precursor (n):   a sign or an object that indicates or announces something to come

bulky (adj):      of a large, unmanageable size; difficult to hold or carry

pose (v):          to present; to put forth

Palm Pilot (n):  "a trademark for a handheld digital organizer

or personal digital assistant"

Chapter2 Skill C-4

Wordlist           Meaning

"hand down

(v phrase):"      to give or pass to a younger generation

orally (adv):      by means of voice

literary (adj):    related to literature

misfortune (n):  unfortunate trouble; bad luck

wrath (n):         punishment inflicted with anger

misery (n):        mental or emotional unhappiness

"live up to

(v phrase):"      to act in accordance with

sulk (v):            to show disappointment through silent, resentful protest

harass (v):        to annoy or trouble persistently

despair (n):       complete loss of hope

beggar (n):       a poor person who begs for money as a living

string (v):          to put string on an instrument or device

suitor (n):         a man who seeks to marry a woman

hail (v): to acclaim

tribute (n):        a declaration of respect or admiration

puzzle (v):        to confuse; to baffle

Chapter2 Skill C-5

Wordlist           Meaning

mere (adj):       only; just

conceive (v):    to think of first

dedicate (v):     to devote

obsessed (adj): excessively preoccupied

will (n): "the power a person has to make deliberate choices

about actions done or not done"

inception (n):    the beginning or first stage

hold (v):           to assert; to affirm

assert (v):         to state positively; to affirm

gap (n):            a difference

emote (v):        to express emotions, especially when acting

gesture (v):       to motion with the body as a means of communication

contradictory (adj):      "involving or being opposites,

where both cannot be true at the same time"

convey (v):       to communicate; to make known

emblematic (adj):         symbolic

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

literal (adj):       conforming to the exact meaning of a word

intensify (v):      to make more intense

introverted (adj):          shy; tending to keep to oneself

peer (n):           an equal; a person of the same standing

evaluate (v):     to judge the value or quality of

cling (v):           to stay close to; to depend on emotionally

deepen (v):       to make stronger and more intense

reinforce (v):    to make stronger

initiative (n):      the desire to work; a plan of action

interact (v):       to communicate with

ultimate (adj):   last; of greatest strength or importance

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

reverend (n):    a minister of a church

renown (n):      the quality of being widely admired

illuminating (adj):          creating clarity and understanding

sheltered (adj): innocent; not exposed to different aspects of life

dynamics (n):    the way in which things work together

prudence (n):    "the state of acting wisely and carefully,

especially so as not to do anything immoral"

protagonist (n): the main, heroic character in a story

restraint (n):      the condition of being in control of emotions

"melodramatically

(adv):"  with excessive emotion

scrutiny (n):      a close, careful examination

incorporate (v):            to include

avid (adj):        enthusiastic; with strong interest

Chapter2 Skill D-1

Wordlist           Meaning

biased (adj):     "predisposed to favor one side;

having an inclination to favor something"

hinder (v):        to obstruct; to hamper or slow down

transience (n):   the condition of lasting for only a short period

methodology (n):          a system of methods or principles

phenomena (n):            some event or action perceived through the senses

encompass (v): to include

evolution (n):    "the process whereby organisms develop

or change from generation to generation"

celestial (adj):   belonging to or relating to the sky

nature (n):        essential characteristics

spectrum (n):    the band of colors visible to the eye

infrared (adj):   light with a wavelength beyond the red end of the visible spectrum

ultraviolet (adj):            "light with a wavelength

between violet (in the visible spectrum) and x-rays"

gamma ray (n): electromagnetic radiation of very high frequency

cosmic (adj):    relating to the universe

grasp (n):         understanding

Chapter2 Skill D-2

Wordlist           Meaning

hieroglyphics (n):          a form of writing using pictures as symbols

circulation (n):  flow or movement

vital (energy) (adj):       life (energy)

blockage (n):    something which blocks or prevents something from passing

crevice (n):       a narrow opening

penetrate (v):    to get through; to find a way through

essence (n):      the basic or fundamental part of something

iceberg (n):       a huge mass of ice that floats in the sea

mechanism (n): means; action

hormone (n):    chemicals made and released in the body by special glands

biochemical (adj):         relating to chemical compounds and reactions in the body

discredit (v):     to cause to be regarded with doubt and suspicion

Chapter2 Skill D-3

Wordlist           Meaning

legendary (adj):            relating to a famous person or thing from the past

poet laureate (n):          "an officially appointed poet commissioned

to write for state occasions"

acclaimed (adj):           praised; commended

reflect (v):        consider; think about

irony (adj):       humor that takes its effect from stating the opposite of what is meant

distinguish (v):  to mark or see as different

evoke (v):        to bring out

form (n):           type or variety

meditation (n):  a thought about a subject

infuse (v):         to fill with

ambiguity (n):   vague; having mixed or uncertain meanings

perilous (adj):   dangerous

paralleled (adj):            corresponding with; similar to

valedictorian (n):          student with the highest academic grade in class

figure (n):         individual; person

pivotal (adj):     crucially important

diverge (v):       to split; to go separate ways

Chapter2 Skill D-4

Wordlist           Meaning

instrumental (adj):         being an important factor in or to something

ratification (n):  confirmation; a formal consent

spearhead (v):  to lead a movement or campaign

hurdle (n):        a problem; an obstacle

innate (adj):      of a natural gift or ability within a person; not learned

prestige (n):      fame; reputation

staunch (adj):   loyal; faithful

apparent (adj): obvious

legislature (n):   the section of the government which has the power to make laws

veto (n):           the right to formally reject a proposal or to forbid an action

judiciary (n):     "the branch of the government concerned

with the legal system and the administration of justice"

prophetic (adj):            foretelling the future

fortitude (n):     uncomplaining courage in the face of problems or adversity

Chapter2 Skill D-5

Wordlist           Meaning

realism (n):       a realistic or lifelike representation in art or literature

inanimate (adj): not living; inorganic

wart (n):           small hard growth found on the skin

objective (adj): of an opinion or view that is not related to a personal beliefs or ideals

subjective (adj):           of an opinion or view related to personal beliefs or ideals

render (v):        to cause to become

"bear in mind

(v phrase):"      to remember; to keep in mind

wilderness (n):  a wild, uncultivated or uninhabited region

seemingly (adv):           apparently

"dawn of time

(n phase):"        the beginning of time

rugged (adj):    being rough and uneven

reverence (n):   great respect

Chapter2 Skill E-1

Wordlist           Meaning

exclusive (adj): involving the rejection or denial of something else

advent (n):        coming or arrival

legibility (n):      the ability to be read easily

dimension (n):   aspect

contemplate (v):           to think about; to consider

innovation (n):  something new which has been introduced

pre-requisite (n):          something that is needed beforehand

respectively (adv):        referring to each person or thing separately and in order

indispensable (adj):      necessary; essential

facilitate (v):     to help or assist someone

respite (n):        a break; a period of rest

implication (n):  an indirect indication

deterioration (n):          the process of becoming weaker, or less effective

Chapter2 Skill E-2

Wordlist           Meaning

sustainable (adj):          being able to maintain a certain level

irrigate (v):       to supply land with water

depletion (n):    the reduction in number or amount of something

consumption (n):          the rate at which something is used

subsidize (v):    to provide financial support for

hazard (n):        risk or danger

impact (n):        an effect or influence

dwindling (adj):            lessening; decreasing

malnutrition (n):            the condition resulting from lack of food intake or an unbalanced diet

expend (v):       to use up

utilize (v):         to use

alleviate (v):      to make less severe; lessen

Chapter2 Skill E-3

Wordlist           Meaning

span (v):           to extend to; to cover

diverse (adj):    varied; various

miscellany (n):  a mixture of various kinds

terrain (n):        "a stretch of land,

especially with reference to its physical characteristics"

emissary (n):     a person sent on a mission, usually on behalf of the government

diplomatic (adj):           concerned with making agreements, usually between governments

inaugurate (v):  to mark the beginning of something

reign (n):          period of rule or control (by a king or leader)

implement (v):  to put into place; to carry out

flourish (v):       to prosper; succeed

disintegration (n):          to break up; to dissolve

encroachment (n):        intruding on another person’s territory

isolationism (n):            "the policy of not joining

with other countries in international political affairs"

Chapter2 Skill E-4

Wordlist           Meaning

solely (adv):     alone; without others

interpret (v):     to construe or take a certain meaning from something

oblivious (adj): unaware of

emphasis (n):    a special importance; significance

pertain (to) (v): to be related to; concerned with

diligent (adj):    doing things with care and concern

tuft (n): a small bunch of grass

clipped (adj):    shortened

subterranean (adj):       underground

designate (v):    to choose or specify; to assign

blinders (n):      objects used to prevent full vision

aspire (v):         to have a desire to achieve

Chapter2 Skill E-5

Wordlist           Meaning

intangible (adj): not able to be felt or perceived by touch

egalitarianism (n):         the belief that all humans are equal and should enjoy the same rights

Taoism (n):       "a Chinese philosophy that advocates a simple life

with non-interference in the natural course of events"

adaptation (n):  the process of changing to suit a particular need

intrinsically (adv):         inherently; belonging to something as part of its nature

at odds with (expression):        in opposition to

nudity (n):         the condition of being naked

cathartic (adj):  resulting in an emotional release

bereft of (adj):  deprived of something; having something taken away

determinant (n):            a factor or circumstance which determines an action or event

inevitably (adv):            unavoidably

Chapter2 Skill F-1

Wordlist           Meaning

delicate (adj):   easily damaged

disrupt (v):       to disturb or interrupt

retain (v):         to contain; to hold

tolerant (adj):   capable of enduring difficult conditions

deciduous (adj):           "of trees or plants that shed their leaves at certain points

during the year"

canopy (n):       "the top layer of a wood or forest consisting of

the uppermost branches of trees"

arctic (adj):      relating to the area around the North Pole

insulate (v):       "to prevent the loss or passing of heat by covering

with a certain material"

fragile (adj):      easily broken; delicate

flora (n):           the wild plants in a particular region or time

fauna (n):          the animals associated with a particular region or time

repercussion (n):          a (usually indirect) result or consequence of an action

Chapter2 Skill F-2

Wordlist           Meaning

application (n): a use or relevance

formidable (adj):          enormous; challenging

norms (n):        the characteristics which are considered normal for a society

scope (n):         range; extent

refrain (n):        a repeated phrase

predisposition (n):        the condition of being inclined to act in a certain way

unanimous (adj):           in complete agreement

deviance (n):    straying from the norm or accepted

inflict (v):          to impose upon or cause to suffer

devotion (n):     a great dedication or loyalty to; a great love for

uniformity (n):   the condition of being similar or unchanging

implication (n):  insinuation; being hinted or suggested indirectly

convent (n):      a community of nuns and the building they occupy

Chapter2 Skill F-3

Wordlist           Meaning

imitation (n):     the act of copying or repeating something

magnitude (n):  quantity; extent; proportion

narrative (n):     an account (a telling) of an event or tale

paranoia (n):     "a strong emotion characterized by the feelings of suspicion

and distrust"

"stem from

(v phrase):"      come from; have its origins in

condense (v):   to reduce in size

antagonist (n):   an opponent or enemy

tension (n):       strained relations or underlying hostility between people

resolution (n):   conclusion

organic (adj):    natural

predicament (n):           situation; dilemma

closure (n):       a sense of finality or completion

catastrophe (n):            a disaster

Chapter2 Skill F-4

Wordlist           Meaning

plate (n):          a large, rigid section that is part of the Earth’s crust

continental (adj):          relating to one of the continents of the world

mantle (n):        the part of the Earth between the crust and the core

fuse (v):            to join as a result of heat being applied between the two parts

squash (v):       to crush by squeezing

cataclysmic (adj):         disastrous; involving great change

buckle (v):        to become bent as a result of pressure or heat

relentlessly (adv):         without sign of stopping; continuously

remote (adj):    isolated; far from anything

airstrip (n):       small field or piece of land where airplanes can take off and land

fallibility (n):      the condition of being likely to make mistakes or have an accident

ridge (n):          a long narrow raised area

Chapter2 Skill F-5

Wordlist           Meaning

subdue (v):       to overpower and bring under control

intentionally (adv):        deliberately

relegate (v):      to move to a lower position or level

obscurity (n):    the condition of being unclear or not well known

ascendancy (n):            the condition of being in control or having power

patriarchal (adj):           relating to male leadership or male control

horrendous (adj):         horrible; terrible

soar (v):           to increase rapidly; to become higher

suffragette (n):  any of a group of women who campaigned for women’s rights

lobbying (n):     "the process whereby attempts are made to

influence elected representatives through personal contacts"

Skill Review 1

Wordlist           Meaning

appeal (n):        the pleasing quality of something that attracts people to it

durable (adj):   long lasting or tough

definition (n):    the degree of clearness and preciseness of a form

grainy (adj):      not sharp or distinct

textile (n):         any cloth or fabric made by weaving or knitting

vinyl (n):           a tough type of plastic

sag (v): to hang loosely or bulge downward

dimensional (adj):         having a certain number of dimensions

intensity (n):      the condition of being concentrated or extreme

intimate (adj):   marked by close acquaintance or familiarity

dimmer switch (n):        a switch that can control the level and brightness of light

disperse (v):     to spread over a wide area

Skill Review 2

Wordlist           Meaning

supplement (v): to add or make up a lack of

indigenous (adj):           native to a certain area

sap (n): a liquid that circulates within a tree

adverse (adj):   unfavorable or negative

speculate (v):    to consider circumstances or possibilities without evidence or proof

drastic (adj):     terrible; extreme

concrete (adj):  specific; fixed or definite

"in jeopardy

(prep phrase):" in danger of harm or loss

Practice Test

Wordlist           Meaning

[Herbs and Drugs]

synthetic (adj):  created artificially

dosage (n):       "the optimum amount of medicine for a patient

for a particular disease or problem"

[William Shakespeare]

epitaph (n):       an inscription on a gravestone

folio (n):           a book of a large size

[Pollination]

proboscis  (n):  a flexible, elongated part of certain inserts

anther(n):         the part of a plant in which the pollen sacs are contained

Mastering - Speaking

Chapter 1

Skill A Q1-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

mentor (n)        a respected person who guides and teaches

revere (v)         to admire greatly

compel (v)       "to make somebody do something; to exert strong pressure or

influence on"

perseverance (n)          "the quality of continuing to work at something despite difficulties

and challenges"

virtue (n)          the quality of moral excellence and righteousness; goodness

Skill A Q1-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

gadget (n)        a small tool or appliance, often electronic

"learning disability

(n phrase)"      "a disorder found in children of normal intelligence, causing

difficulties in learning  pecific skills"

dyslexia (n)      "a disorder marked by difficulty in recognizing the order of

written letters and words, thus making reading a challenge"

hindrance (n)    a problem or impediment that slows the progress of

excel (v)           to perform better than others or better than expected

Skill A Q1-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

"better off

(adj phrase)"   in a better situation or condition

hinder (v)         to impede; to slow the progress of

negate (v)         to make ineffective; to counteract

chief (adj)        main; principal

crucial (adj)      very important; essential

stamina (n)       "the ability to perform exercise for a long period of time;

endurance"

Skill A Q2-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

"in charge

(adj phrase)"    in control; able to lead and make choices

destiny (n)        the events that will occur in one’s life; fate

crave (v)          to want strongly

diverting (adj)   entertaining; fun

curriculum (n)   "the group of subjects studied at school and their schedule of

study"

Skill A Q2-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

expert (adj)      having great skill or knowledge

erudite (adj)     having or requiring a high level of knowledge or learning

cynical (adj)     skeptical; pessimistic

heed (v)           to listen to and follow the advice of

"give credence to

(v phrase)"      to treat with respect and legitimacy; to believe and support

Skill A Q2-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

chore (n)          a small piece of work often performed on a regular schedule

domestic (adj)  related to the house or home country

pitch in (v phrase)        to help others perform a certain task

"lift a finger

(v phrase)"       to work; to make an effort

maturity (n)      the state of being responsible and adult-like

Skill B Q3-Practice 1

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

commence (v)  to begin; to start

commotion (n)  a large, confusing amount of noise and movement

relocate (v)      to move; to change the place of

relay (v)           "to pass information one has received on to another person or

group; to tell"

disruption (n)    "a break from a regularly scheduled activity; an unpleasant

interruption"

Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

hold off (v phrase)        to wait

distracting (adj)            causing loss of focus and concentration

cacophony (n)  a large amount of jarring, unpleasant sound

allay (v)            to provide relief; to make better

"figure out

(v phrase)"       to make a final decision; to realize

Skill B Q3-Practice 2

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

unsolicited (adj)           not requested; not asked for

a.k.a. (acronym)          also known as

recipient (n)      "the person to whom an email or letter is sent; the person meant

to receive something"

redirect (v)       "to change the direction of; to move to a place different from the

originally intended place"

bulk (adj)         "being large in volume or quantity; related to mail sent to a large

number of addresses simultaneously"


Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

implement (v)   to put in; to start using

abhor (v)          to hate

"from time to time

(adv phrase)"  occasionally

incertitude (n)   a doubt; a feeling of uncertainty

misidentify (v)   to make an incorrect conclusion about the nature of something

Skill B Q3-Practice 3

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

faculty (n)         a branch of a university in charge of one field of study

inaugurate (v)   to begin; to launch

enterprise (n)    a business venture

telecommerce (n)         "the field of business and banking done using telecommunications

such as telephones or Internet"

discipline (n)     a field of study; a major

Skill B Q3-Practice 3

Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

"extra credit

(adj phrase)"    "related to assignments outside the regular course assignments and exams that are designed to allow students to increase their

grades"

whiz kid (n phrase)       a teenager or child with exceptional intelligence or achievements

counsel (n)       a series of suggestions; advice

freebie (n)        an event or item that costs nothing

beforehand (adv)         prior to an event

Skill B Q4-Practice 1

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

renowned (adj)            famous; well known

equilibrium (n)  "a state in which things remain constant, or equal on two or more

sides"

static (adj)        unchanging

collusion (n)     the act of agreeing on a plan

corollary (n)     a consequence that follows logically

Skill B Q4-Practice 1

Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

collision (n)      the act of crashing, or colliding

oncoming (adj) moving towards

"in essence

(adv phrase)"   basically; essentially

delay (n)          "the condition of being later or slower than expected or desired;

a postponement"

pose (v)           to put forward; to present

Skill B Q4-Practice 2

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

"sweep through

(v phrase)"       to spread or move quickly across a given area

strain (n)          a type

parasitic (adj)   relating to living on another living thing without helping it

advent (n)        the beginning; the coming of

eradicate (v)     to destroy; to remove completely

Skill B Q4-Practice 2

Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

scrutiny (n)       the act of questioning and examining closely

culprit (n)         a guilty party; a cause

pandemic (n)    a widespread disease affecting many people

subsequent (adj)          following after in time

incubation (n)   "the development of an infection from the time the microorganism

enters the body until signs or symptoms first appear"

Skill B Q4-Practice 3

Step 1

Wordlist           Meaning

herder (n)         a person who raises livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats

migrate (v)       a large, flat area of land

ravages (n)       a series of problems or damage

thrive (v)          to live successfully

Skill B Q4-Practice 3
Step 2

Wordlist           Meaning

undermine (v)   to destroy the foundation of

commission (v) to hire officially

plunder (v)       to destroy and steal from

contradict (v)   to state the opposite of; to question the validity of

dispel (v)          to prove a belief or opinion is false

Skill C Q5-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

frazzled (adj)    feeling stress

take off (v phrase)        to go away

monumental (adj)         very large and important

shot (n)            an attempt; a try

check out (v)    to borrow; to officially remove from a library

Skill C Q5-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

"drive someone

crazy (v phrase)"          to make someone very upset

"in jeopardy

(adj phrase)"   at risk; in danger

manipulative (adj)         tending toward using people for one’s own selfish reasons

"tough out

(prep phrase)"  to endure; to remain strong in a difficult situation

bicker (v)         to argue

Skill C Q5-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

dissect (v)        to cut open for the purpose of study

gross (adj)       disgusting; revolting

"hold against

(v phrase)"       to think badly of someone because of some event; to resent

"suck it up

(v phrase)"       to quietly endure a difficult situation

virtual (adj)      simulated on a computer

Skill C Q6-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

prey (n)            an animal that is hunted

tame (v)           to teach a wild animal to obey commands

custom (n)        an accepted practice

ritual (n)           "a practice repeated and performed a specific way for religious

purposes"

context (n)       the circumstances surrounding a situation

nomadic (adj)   relating to people who constantly move, who have no fixed home

procure (v)       to get

enlist (v)           to get the help of; to recruit

subsistence (n) the act or state of surviving

assert (v)          to claim strongly; to contend

Skill C Q6-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

migraine (n)      a severe form of headache

vomit (v)          "to force material from the stomach up through the throat and

mouth"

"can’t stand

(v phrase)"       to hate; to not be able to tolerate

episodically (adv)         occurring occasionally, but in clusters or groups

blood vessel (n)           a vein or artery; a tube in the body through which blood can flow

stimulant (n)     a material or event that causes a reaction

contract (v)      to become smaller; to squeeze

compound (v)  to add to; to make stronger or more intense

compensate (v)            to make up for a shortcoming; to attempt to fix a problem

trigger (v)         to start; to set off

Skill C Q6-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

imperceptible (adj)       too small to be noticed

punctuated (adj)           occasionally interrupted

dilute (v)          to make weaker; to decrease the ratio of

peripheral (adj)            to the side; not part of the center

novel (adj)       new; different from past examples

"take over 

(v phrase)"       to become dominant; to seize control

exterminate (v) to kill; to destroy

predecessor (n)            a person or thing that comes before

complement (v)            to work well with; to improve the situation in combination with

Chapter 2

Skill A Q1-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

fellow (adj)      part of the same group or engaged in the same activity

forum (n)          a site at which people with similar interests can communicate

symbiotic (adj) beneficial to both parties

respective (adj)            in order

broaden (v)      to make wider

Skill A Q1-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

widespread (adj)          common in many places

obligatory (adj)            done out of a sense of duty

innovation (n)   a new and improved technology or way of doing something

witness (v)       to see; to observe

update (n)        information about new events in a person’s life

Skill A Q1-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

blizzard (n)       a severe snowstorm

raging (adj)      very strong and violent

stranded (adj)  stuck; unable to move or escape

pull over (v phrase)      to direct a moving vehicle to the side of a road and stop

lift (n)   a ride somewhere

Skill A Q1-Practice 4

Wordlist           Meaning

optimist (n)       "a person who always looks on the positive side of an event or

experience"

enriching (adj)  causing improvement; making better

forge (v)           to create; to establish

lasting (adj)      enduring; remaining strong for a long time

on edge (adj)   nervous; feeling great stress

Skill A Q2-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

remainder (n)   a part remaining; a part that is left

trauma (n)        an experience of great stress

antisocial (adj)  acting against society, i.e. criminal behavior

nurturing (adj)  caring and encouraging

foster (v)          to help develop

Skill A Q2-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

capable (adj)    able to do

sufficiently (adv)           well enough

adequate (adj)  sufficient; enough for a given purpose

diverse (adj)     many different

milieu (n)          a setting; an environment

Skill A Q2-Practice 3

Wordlist           Meaning

multitude (n)     a large number; several

indigenous (adj)           native; naturally occurring in

captivating (adj)           interesting; engrossing

venue (n)          a place for a specific purpose

endangered (adj)          threatened; facing possible extinction

Skill A Q2-Practice 4

Wordlist           Meaning

turnout (n)        the level of participation in an activity

sway (v)           to convince; to change the opinion of

refrain (v)         to stop; to hold back

take part (v phrase)      to participate; to do something with others

constituent (n)  a person living in an area or district served by a politician

Skill B Q3-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

invaluable (adj) excellent

grant (n)        Me�    a sum of money given to students to pay for tuition

comparable (adj)         similar; approximately the same

afford (v)         to produce; to create

unparalleled (adj)         not equaled by others; the best

arbitrary (adj)   chosen or created without justification

technically (adv)           according to exact rules or definitions

fathom (v)        to understand; to comprehend

preclude (v)     to prevent; to forbid

merit (n)           a quality deserving praise or respect

Skill B Q3-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

renovation (n)   a change to a room or building, usually for improvement

humanities (n)   the areas of study including literature, philosophy, and religion

precedence (n) the opportunity to choose first; priority

partial (adj)      incomplete; in part

proffer (v)        to provide; to offer for acceptance

get by (v phrase)          to survive; to subsist

preferential (adj)          better; given more importance than others

prestige (n)       a level of high respect

pull in (v phrase)          to earn; to garner

"give someone a

piece of one’s

mind (expression)"       to complain; to express anger

Skill B Q4-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

drift (v) to move with the current of air or water

morphology (n)            a design or shape

mechanism (n)  a tool; a technique

entangle (v)      to capture as with a net; to twist together

appendage (n)  an attachment to a body, such as an arm or leg

elusive (adj)     difficult to find or capture

in vain (adv phrase)      without success or purpose

glean (v)           to learn

carcass (n)       a dead body

specimen (n)    an example for scientific study

paradigm (n)    a model

Skill B Q4-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

govern (v)        to control; to make rules for

"complementary

(adj)"   working well together

triumph (n)       a feeling of victory or celebration

enchantment (n)           a feeling of something strange and intriguing

convey (v)        to express; to communicate

uproar (n)        a state of shock and loud disagreement

plug (v)            to fill a hole in order to stop anything flowing through it

mutter (v)         to speak quietly and unhappily

lambaste (v)     to criticize harshly

uncouth (adj)    crude; unrefined; not sophisticated

"go out the window

(expression)"   to become irrelevant; to not be used

Skill C Q5-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

glitch (n)           a problem; an error

scanner (n)       a machine that reads the code on a card for information

find out (v phrase)        to discover; to learn

"come through

(v phrase)"       to arrive

"in training

(adj phrase)"    involved in a regiment of exercise; preparing for an athletic event

"pain in the neck

(idiom)"            an inconvenience; a nuisance

varsity (n)         a team representing a university or college

Skill C Q5-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

catch up (v phrase)      to work fast enough to attain the same level as others

"put one’s nose to

the grindstone

(expression)"    to work very hard

"from here on out

(adv phrase)"   starting now and continuing until the end; from now on

pull off (v phrase)         to do; to accomplish

extension (n)    a delay in the date on which an assignment is due

dock (v)           to subtract; to remove

suit (v)  to please; to act according to preference

"give something a

shot(expression)"         to try; to make an attempt

heavy (adj)       very serious; emotionally important

ASAP (acronym)         as soon as possible

Skill C Q6-Practice 1

Wordlist           Meaning

incarnation (n)  a new form of a familiar idea

norm (n)           a standard, or acceptable, behavior

mainstream (adj)          accepted by the majority

intoxicating (adj)          very fun and interesting; captivating

universally (adv)           by all people around the world

infancy (n)        the early years of; the period at the beginning

"on the scene

(adv phrase)"   within a certain sphere of activity

sample (n)        "an audio segment taken from an original piece and inserted, often

repetitively, in a new recording"

fusion (n)          a mixture

myriad (n)        a large number of different things

Skill C Q6-Practice 2

Wordlist           Meaning

conjure (v)       to call or bring to mind; to evoke

pinpoint (v)      to define with exactness

regurgitate (v)   to reproduce exactly, without question or analysis

confines (n)      the limits; the scope

marginalize (v)  to put into a lower or outside group

pathological (adj)         relating to unhealthy behavior

dysfunctional (adj)        with abnormal or impaired functioning

adhere (v)        to stick; to conform

alarmist (n)       "a person who exaggerates possible dangers in order to worry

others"

notion (n)         a belief; a conception

Mastering - Writing

Chapter 1

Skill A Q1-Practice 1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

correlation (n)  a connection or relationship between two things

variable (n)       an aspect of an experiment that can be controlled or observed

manipulate (v)  to change; to alter

"

positively (adv)

"           "in a direct relationship in which the rates of variables change in

the same direction"

"

negatively (adv)

"           "in an inverse relationship in which the rates of variables change in

opposite directions"

causal (adj)      related to a cause or reason for an action

Skill A Q1-Practice 1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

component (n)  a part of

assess (v)         to evaluate; to analyze

validity (n)        the state of accuracy or truthfulness

vital (adj)         necessary; essential

cramp (n)         a painful tightening of a muscle

indicate (v)       to show; to state

Skill A Q1-Practice 2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

imbalance (n)   a lack of fairness; an inequity

discount (v)      to ignore; to not pay sufficient attention to

methodology (n)           "a body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who

work in a given discipline"

historiography (n)         the body of practices, procedures, and rules used by historians

perpetrate (v)   to do; to commit an unethical act

skewed (adj)    not balanced; biased

indigenous (adj)           native to an area

Skill A Q1-Practice 2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

pejoratively (adv)         in a negative, disparaging way

tinged (adj)      colored; given a certain perspective or opinion

"hacks and rackpots

(n phrase)"      "people who make academic or scientific claims without any

justification or proof"

pose (v)           to pretend to be

controversial (adj)        causing many different strong emotional reactions

negate (v)         to work against; to counteract

condone (v)     to accept as valid

Skill A Q1-Practice 3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

dominant (adj)  having the most influence or control

cataclysmic (adj)          causing great damage

postulate (v)     to suggest as true; to hypothesize

proportional (adj)         having the same ratio

primeval (adj)   having existed from the beginning; referring to the earliest times

Skill A Q1-Practice 3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

alternative (adj)            a different choice or possibility

verify (v)          to check and confirm the truth of

prestigious (adj)           well respected

entity (n)          a thing; something that exists

empirical (adj)  provable by observation, or using the senses

membrane (n)   a thin layer

precision (n)     the state of exactness

Skill A Q1-Practice 4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

accredit (v)      to give credit for

pseudonym (n) a false name used by writers or performers

aristocratic (adj)           from the ruling upper classes

documentation (n)        papers that authenticate

scant (adj)        little; weak; unconvincing

extant (adj)      in existence

Skill A Q1-Practice 4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

diligently (adv)  with dedication and hard work

sketchy (adj)    not clear

conspiracy (n)  an agreement to commit an illegal or deceitful act

genuine (adj)    real; authentic

categorically (adv)        without exception or doubt; absolutely

colleague (n)    a coworker; an equal

contemporary (n)         a person living at the same time

Skill B Q1-Practice 1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

inadequate (adj)           not good enough for a given purpose; insufficient

minimum (adj)  related to the smallest amount necessary

confirm (v)       to check the truth of

"attention span

(n phrase)"       the amount of time a person can mentally focus on a given task

conversely (adv)          in contrast; in an opposite way

deprive (v)       to keep from; to prevent from getting

adage (n)         a brief statement of truth; an aphorism

Skill B Q1-Practice 1 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

equation (n)      a consideration of all the factors that produce a result

remiss (adj)      careless; negligent

prescribe (v)    to assign as a means of improving health or performance

"knock-down, drag-

out (adj phrase)"          very loud or violent

vis-à-vis (prep)            in relation to; regarding

psyche (n)        the part of the mind responsible for one’s thoughts and feelings

primary (adj)    of greatest importance

Skill B Q1-Practice 2 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

revolutionary (n)           a person closely involved in bringing about a revolution

oppression (n)  "the act of using authority and force to deprive another group of

freedoms"

bourgeois (adj) of the middle class

proletariat (n)   the working class

disposition (n)  a tendency toward a certain action or characteristic

emancipation (n)          the act of freeing people from oppression

upheaval (n)     a change or disturbance that greatly affects something

Skill B Q1-Practice 2 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

pioneer (v)       to invent something; to do some action first

boycott (v)       to not buy products from a company or country in protest

"par excellence

(adj phrase)"    "

being the best or truest example; quintessential

"

martyr (n)         a figure respected for sacrificing him or herself for a cause

blockade (n)    "a group of people or objects put in place to block the progress

of something"

"get wind of

(v phrase)"       to hear about; to learn of

debilitate (v)     to injure; to damage something so that it can no longer function

Skill B Q1-Practice 3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

biochemistry (n)           the study of the chemicals in living things

exceptionally (adv)       in a large or intense way

"extra terrestrial

(adj phrase)"    not on Earth

soluble (adj)     able to dissolve, or break into small particles, in water

being (n)          a living thing

arguably (adv)  it can be logically argued though not proven

Skill B Q1-Practice 3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

chauvinism (n)  a prejudiced belief in the superiority of one’s own group

discredit (v)      to create doubt about the integrity or validity of

pre-eminent (adj)         most important; most respected

abundant (adj)  many; plentiful

replicate (v)      to copy; to recreate

speculate (v)    to theorize; to explain based on incomplete evidence

sustain (v)        to maintain; to keep alive or functioning

Skill B Q1-Practice 4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

remains (n)       the body parts left after death

kinship (n)        a family relationship to

reburial (n)       the act of burying a dead body that has previously been buried

radically (adv)  in a large, very different way

migration (n)     the movement of people or animals in a large group

dispute (n)        an argument; a disagreement

rage on (v phrase)        to continue in an emotional or violent way

Skill B Q1-Practice 4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

"take a hard line

(v phrase)"       "to leave no room for compromise when enforcing a rule or

expressing an opinion"

"spell the end

(v phrase)"       to signal the end of; to be a sign that something is about to end

accommodate (v)         to make room for; to take into consideration

dignity (n)         the condition of being worthy of respect

collaborative (adj)        done by two or more people or groups

enlist (v)           to get the help of; to recruit

enhance (v)      to improve; to make stronger

Skill C Q2-Practice 1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

fortunate (adj)  lucky

"wildlife reserve

(n phrase)"       "an area in which animals are protected from hunting and other

human dangers"

woodland (n)   an area with forests

habitat (n)        the land in which a given species lives

"admission fee

(n phrase)"       an amount of money paid to gain access

investment (n)   an amount of money spent in order to gain profits in the future

lumber (n)        wood sold for construction

assuredly (adv) for sure; certainly

"on one’s mind

(adj phrase)"    an idea or topic frequently thought about

Skill C Q2-Practice 1 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

plot (n) a small piece of land

"free of charge

(adv phrase)"   without costing money

see fit (v phrase)          to choose; to think wise or beneficial

resource (n)     a thing that can be used by people

venture (n)       a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gain

subdivision (n)  "an area of real estate developed into smaller pieces for homes to

be built on"

Skill C Q2-Practice 2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

require (v)        to need

rash (adj)         without much prior consideration

major (adj)       very important; chief; principal

"career dvancement

(n phrase)"      the potential to improve one’s job position

firm (n) a company; a corporation

"on the spur of the

moment

(adv phrase) " "

done suddenly, without prior consideration

"

instinct (n)        "an inner knowledge or wisdom that is not gained from thought or

experience"

Skill C Q2-Practice 2 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

coincide (v)      to occur in connection with

initial (adj)        early; at first

scholarship (n)  an amount of money given to students to pay for tuition

caution (v)        to warn against

technique (n)    a method; a way of doing

"gut feeling

(n phrase)"       "an impulse or motivation based on emotion and instinct

rather than rational thought"

Skill C Q2-Practice 3 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

advent (n)        the invention or beginning of

"motion picture

(n phrase)"      a movie; a film

contend (v)      to believe strongly; to argue

"geared to

(adj phrase)"    directed at; designed for

engrossing (adj)           very interesting; able to hold one’s attention

drawn-out (adj)           taking a long time

engage (v)        to interest; to involve

endow (v)        to give; to provide

avid (adj)         highly interested in

faculty (n)         an ability

intense (adj)     strong in emotion

stunning (adj)   impressive; causing a strong emotional response

stimulus (n)       an item or event that causes a reaction

emotive (adj)    causing an emotional response

auditory (adj)   related to sound and hearing

vein (n) a theme; a topic

solitude (n)       the state of being alone

interact (v)       to act and react to another person or thing

bemoan (v)      to complain about

lament (v)         to feel sad and complain about

Skill C Q2-Practice 4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

mainstay (n)     "a characteristic part of something over an extended period of

time"

relevant (adj)    important or significant to a given topic

"real world

(n phrase)"       "the period of life after schooling in which people get jobs and

start families"

divert (v)          to change the direction of; to take away from

initiative (n)      a decision to act

bitter (adj)        unhappy; angry

outdated (adj)  old-fashioned; no longer useful or relevant

genre (n)          a category; a type

"in retrospect

(adv phrase)"   thinking back, or remembering, after an event is over

upgrade (v)      to improve; to modernize

travesty (n)       an unfair or illogical act

avert (v)           to stay away from; to avoid

invariably (adv)            always; without fail

recollect (v)      to remember; to recall

tedious (adj)     repetitive and boring

foster (v)          to promote the development of

enable (v)         to allow to do; to provide the necessary conditions or skills to do

rigorous (adj)   strictly accurate; precise

integral (adj)     very important; necessary

indispensable (adj)       necessary; essential

Chapter 2

Skill A Q1-Practice 1 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

strategist (n)     a person who makes plans and strategies

"come to mind

(v phrase)"       to be thought of

feat (n) an accomplishment

outshine (v)      to appear or perform better than

subdue (v)        to capture and control

tribute (n)         "a payment of money or goods demanded by the head of an

empire from the nations under its control"

firearm (n)        a gun

mastiff (n)         a large, powerful breed of dog

spectacle (n)    a large public performance or display

Skill A Q1-Practice 1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

"lingua franca

(n phrase)"       a second language spoken by people of many nations

entourage (n)    a group of people that accompany someone

concubine (n)   a woman responsible for bearing children to a man

campaign (n)    a military venture

"cast doubt on

(v phrase)"      to make uncertain or doubtful

hierarchical (adj)          related to a ranking based on power or authority

Skill A Q1-Practice 2 Step1 

Wordlist           Meaning

concessions (n)            the food and drink sold in a stadium

prosperity (n)   the state of being successful

municipal (adj) related to a city or town

intangible (adj) not detectable by the physical senses

hallmark (n)      a characteristic sign of

undue (adj)      unnecessary; unjust; unwarranted

burden (n)        a source of stress or difficulty

hasty (adj)        done quickly, without careful consideration

Skill A Q1-Practice 2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

federal (adj)     related to a nation

exempt (adj)    not applicable to; an exception to

infrastructure (n)           "the structures necessary for a society to run smoothly, such as

roads, schools, and hospitals"

meager (adj)    small; insufficient

feasible (adj)    possible; able to be accomplished; plausible

"top notch

(adj phrase)"    of high quality or level

Skill A Q1-Practice 3 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

carry out (v phrase)      to do; to perform

phenomenon (n)           an event; a happening

pseudoscience (n)        a false science; an unfounded claim of a scientific procedure

"peer review

(n phrase)"       the process of having equals examine an academic work

reproducibility (n)         the ability to be repeated with the same results

emit (v)            to produce and give off

"take place

(v phrase)"       to happen; to occur

specious (adj)  seeming to be true but actually false; deceptively attractive

Skill A Q1-Practice 3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

disdain (n)        a feeling of contempt for; a feeling of superiority in regards to

astound (v)       to surprise greatly

buy into (v phrase)       to believe

validate (v)       to prove true

deem (v)          to conclude; to state as

stance (n)         an opinion; a point of view

Skill A Q1-Practice 4 Step1

Wordlist           Meaning

engage in (v phrase)     to do

unfounded (adj)           not supported by evidence

ancestor (n)      "a relative that lived in the past; a person whom one is descended

from"

ritualistically (adv)        as part of a ceremony or ritual

ingest (v)          to eat; to consume

plausible (adj)  possible; able to be accomplished; feasible

brutal (adj)       violent; extremely harsh or cruel

Skill A Q1-Practice 4 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

touchy (adj)     causing strong emotions

revere (v)         to respect greatly

"tag marker

(n phrase)"       a characteristic sign of

carcass (n)       a dead body

condemn (v)     to censure; to conclude as unethical or unworthy

tarnish (v)         to spoil; to lessen the value or purity of

Skill B Q2-Practice 1 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

keen (adj)        strong; intense

excel (v)           to succeed at; to be good at

stimulating (adj)            interesting; producing energy
indulge (v)        "to yield to desires; to do something fun but unproductive or

unhealthy"

"critical faculties

(n phrase)"      the ability to think analytically

Skill B Q2-Practice 2 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

qualm (n)         a feeling of uneasiness or worry; a reservation

portion (n)        a part

welfare (n)       the benefit and well being of

mentality (n)     a way of thinking; a belief system

premise (n)       a basic, fundamental idea or belief

accrue (v)        to gain and increase

Skill B Q2-Practice 3 Step2

Wordlist           Meaning

fission (n)         the process of splitting into parts

meaningful (adj)           important

reactor (n)        "a building or piece of equipment in which nuclear reactions take

place"

deterrent (n)     a factor that influences against a given action

awed (adj)       feeling an overwhelming emotion, such as fear

"bring about

(v phrase)"       "

to make happen; to effect

"

fundamental (adj)         basic; essential

Skill B Q2-Practice 4 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

prospect (n)     a potential for improvement

"head start

(n phrase)"       an early start; an advantageous beginning

undertake (v)   to do something that involves a lengthy process

structure (v)     to organize

dedicate (v)      to write a letter or page honoring someone

"come up with

(v phrase)"       to make; to create

"free reign

(n phrase)"       "unrestricted permission; the permission to do whatever one

wants"

run wild (v phrase)       to move or operate in an energetic, uncontrolled fashion

Skill B Q2-Practice 5 Step4

Wordlist           Meaning

aphorism (n)     a brief statement of truth; an adage

discourse (n)    a verbal exchange; a logical conversation

resentment (n)  a feeling of anger or indignation

"in jeopardy

(adj phrase)"    in danger; vulnerable

dynamic (n)      "an interactive system or process; the workings and structure of

a relationship"

detrimental (adj)           harmful

tangible (adj)    noticeable; significant

anticipate (v)    to predict and prepare for

daunting (adj)   very challenging; fearsome

remuneration (n)           the act of paying back a debt

pecuniary (adj) related to money and payment

Skill B Q2-Practice 6 Step3

Wordlist           Meaning

perception (n)  a belief; an opinion

prestige (n)       the condition of being highly respected

coveted (adj)   desired; sought after

"translate into

(v phrase)"       to equal; to produce

exemplar (n)     a thing or person that stands as an example

renowned (adj)            famous

compensate (v)            to provide a benefit in exchange for work or suffering

garner (v)         to get; to achieve; to earn

violation (n)  �